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Executive Summary Renewable energy heating and cooling (REHC) has been described as the “sleeping giant” of renewable energy potentials from the global perspective. Mature REHC technologies using solar, biomass and geothermal resources are currently available as cost-effective means of reducing both carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel dependency under many circumstances. Other technologies are close to mass-market deployment. Governments, including those endeavouring to meet challenging greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, could find that considerable mitigation potential exists through the displacement of fossil fuels, usually, but not always, at relatively low costs per tonne of CO2 emission avoidance. In recent years, and in many regions, policies developed to encourage the wider deployment of renewable electricity generation, transport biofuels and energy efficiency have over-shadowed policies aimed at REHC technology deployment. Yet heating and cooling demands by the industrial, commercial, and domestic sectors constitute around 40-50% of the total global 320 EJ (7 639 Mtoe) final energy demand in 2004. REHC technologies have the potential to gain a greater share of this large market. Several countries have already exploited this opportunity such as Sweden where biomass supplied 62% of fuel for district heating in 2006. In broad terms, world solar thermal heat use is currently around 200 -210 PJ/yr (4.8 - 5 Mtoe), geothermal heat is 260 – 280 PJ/yr (6.2 – 6.7 Mtoe) and heat from modern bioenergy probably almost 10 times the total of solar thermal and geothermal together (~4 000 PJ/yr; 80 - 100Mtoe) (excluding the use of traditional biomass which is around 9-10% of world primary energy). This compares with global biofuel production in 2006 of around 1 200 PJ (28 Mtoe) and renewable electricity generation (excluding large hydro) of around 1 800 PJ (500 TWh). 15 Based upon case study, country analyses of increased heating and cooling project deployment as a result of cost-effective policies, there appears to be good potential for many other countries with similar resources to follow suit and to significantly increase their current REHC contribution within the next decade or so. The over-riding message from the analysis contained in this report is that, particularly where good renewable energy resources are available, governments should take strong action with respect to policy development that supports both the increased deployment of commercially available and cost competitive REHC technologies and the further development of those at the early-market stage. This joint report, prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (RETD) Implementing Agreement and the IEA Renewable Energy Unit with major contributions from several other relevant IEA Implementing Agreements, presents an overview of the status of available renewable technologies and markets for active heating and cooling, an analysis of their relative costs, and an evaluation of a wide range of current supporting policies. Passive solar heating and cooling of building space resulting from good design can reduce the demand for imported energy, but is not included in this analysis. In regions with favourable resources and market conditions, several mature solar thermal, biomass and geothermal heating technologies entered the mass market many years ago since they were cost competitive with electricity, oil and gas. Other technologies are near-market and yet more are under development, including solar cooling technologies. REHC systems at the small domestic scale (solar water heaters, solid-fuel stoves and geothermal heat pumps) are distributed and more flexible in terms of being able to utilise the local renewable energy resources available than at the larger industrial scale of heating demand.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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