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1. Introduction to Renewable Energy Heating and Cooling Demand for heating accounts for a significant portion of world total energy demand. The building sector consumes 35.3% of final energy demand of which 75% is for space and domestic water heating (IEA 2006a). In Europe the final energy demand for heating (48%) is higher than for electricity (20%) or transport (32%) (EREC, 2006). It can be even higher in regions with long, cold winters such as northern North America. For cooling of buildings and refrigeration applications the demand for energy is growing but the data are uncertain. Renewable energy sources (RES) (Box 1) used for heating and cooling purposes have received relatively little attention compared with those used to generate electricity and produce transport fuels. This is surprising because the demand for heat consumes the largest share of primary energy supply and RES can offer a practical alternative to fossil fuels under many circumstances. The potential to increase the use of solar, geothermal and biomass resources for renewable energy heating and cooling (REHC) is therefore large (Jurczak, 2006). This report outlines the technologies, existing markets and future potential for REHC and provides policy experiences and recommendations to support enhanced market deployment. It does not include the traditional combustion of biomass for cooking and heating in developing countries, though this is the highest contributor to renewable heat generation. Box 1 Definition of Renewable Energy 19 The IEA (2006e) defines renewable energy as energy derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. This definition applies to a wide range of energy sources derived directly or indirectly from the sun including solar, hydro, wind, wave, biomass and ambient heat, but also includes non-solar sources such as geothermal, tidal and ocean currents. Solar, geothermal and biomass can all be used as direct sources of heat (Box 2) and heat can also be extracted from the air, water or ground (Box 3). Heat can be used to drive absorption chillers for cooling. In addition any form of renewable-based electricity can be used to power heating or cooling appliances but these applications are not considered in this report. The IEA, in acting as energy policy advisor to its 26 member countries that are aiming to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens, emphasises the “three E’s” of balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. In order to secure its objectives, the IEA aims to create a policy framework consistent with a number of ‘shared goals’ (IEA, 2007a). These are largely based upon international collaboration towards the development and dissemination of energy technologies, including for REHC. Industry participation, co-operation with non- member countries and communications between all energy market participants would help to improve information and understanding, and encourage the development of efficient, environmentally acceptable and flexible energy systems and markets worldwide. These are needed to help promote the investment, trade and confidence necessary to achieve global energy security and environmental objectives. Without rigorous policy interventions, fossil fuels will probably remain dominant in the future fuel mix, having a projected continuing share of about 80% of total primary energy supply between 2004 and 2030 in the IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 reference scenario.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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