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20 Box 2 Renewable Energy Sources used for Heating and Cooling Solar thermal Solar radiation. Heat exploited for hot water production or air heating system is made available to the heat transfer medium minus any optical and collector heat losses. Solar thermal can also be applied for space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. Passive solar energy used for space heating, cooling, and natural lighting of dwellings or commercial buildings is useful but not included in IEA statistical data or in this report. Solid biomass: Organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat production and/or electricity generation. It includes wood chips, residues from forests or wood processing, purpose-grown energy crops (poplar, willow, eucalyptus etc.), agricultural crop and animal residues, and the biogenic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). Charcoal: The solid residue from the destructive distillation and pyrolysis of wood and other vegetal material. The net calorific value (lower heat content) of solid biomass feedstock material is usually used on the input side (Table 1). The exception is charcoal where the material after carbonisation is used to determine the heat value and not that of the original biomass source. Industrial and MSW use the net calorific value of the heat content of the proportion of the biomass material used for fuel. Biogas: Gases composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass and combusted to produce heat and/or power. The calculated lower heat content of biogas, includes gases consumed in the process but excludes flared gases. Gasification of biomass under restricted air supply conditions produces synthesis gas (mainly CO and H2) that can be used for a range of applications. Biofuels: Liquid fuel produced from biomass transformation, mainly used in transport applications. The net heat value is determined from the finished product exiting the processing plant. Waste: Combustible or wet organic materials arising from industrial, institutional, hospital and households including rubber, plastics, used lubricating oils and other similar materials are termed “wastes”. They can be either solid or liquid in form, renewable or non-renewable, biodegradable or non-biodegradable. MSW produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors comprises wastes that can be either incinerated in specific installations to produce heat and/or power or disposed of in landfills. Only the fraction derived from biogenic materials can be considered renewable, defined by the energy value of combusted biodegradable material expressed in terms of mass or volume. Geothermal energy: Heat contained in or discharged from within the Earth’s crust, mainly by heat conduction, but also in the form of hot water or steam at particular locations. It is exploited at suitable sites for electricity generation after transformation, or directly as heat for geothermal heat pumps, district heating, bathing/swimming, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating, agricultural drying, industrial process heat, etc. The energy content is measured by subtracting the heat of any fluid re-injected from the heat of the fluid or steam upon its extraction. A distinction is made between deep geothermal and shallow geothermal (Section 2). Geothermal Biomass Biomass exists in solid, liquid or gaseous forms derived from a variety of feedstocks. Source: IEA, 2006b.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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