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22 Introduction of renewable technologies can contribute to the “three Es” by substituting for conventional energy sources. Renewables are low- or zero-carbon emitters, they can add to security of supply (Ölz et al, 2007) and are, in many cases, cost competitive. Useofresidualheat.Theconversionefficiencyofprimaryfuelforthermalgenerationofelectricityis in the order of 35-40%. During the conversion process, residual heat is discharged to the atmosphere or cooling waters of the power plant. Overall improvement of the energy system is possible where this heat can be collected and used to meet local demand such that less primary energy will therefore be required for heating purposes. Residual heat from industry or electricity production could be used in district heating systems. This can include the use of renewable energy carriers and hence a higher fuel flexibility. Central versus decentralised, distributed generation. Renewable energy options used to produce heat are in most cases decentralized with the heat used directly by the end-user. In the case of cold production, when substituting for conventional electrically driven refrigeration, renewable cooling options can yield considerable reductions of primary energy use due to the avoidance of losses from electricity conversion and distribution. Box 3 Heat Pumps Heat pumps play an important role for space and water heating in the building and industry sectors. They are used to transport heat against the natural direction of thermal energy (from low to high temperatures). This process needs energy input from electricity or heat. The amount of heat that a heat pump can supply depends on the amount of energy that is in the original heat source, usually from natural surroundings of the air, water or ground. Since heat pumps use less energy than conventional gas, coal or electrical heating systems they can contribute to significant energy savings. However overall savings depends on the coefficient of performance (COP), the source of the electricity, and efficiency of generation plants used to power them. The heat value of the primary energy used to generate the electricity consumed by a heat pump should be subtracted from the heat produced by the heat pump to obtain the overall energy savings and the portion of renewable energy of the system depends on the generation source of electricity. During times of extreme hot or cold weather conditions they can also lead to peak electricity demands. Energy efficient buildings can use heat exchangers or heat pumps in winter to retain the heat in the expelled air being transported outside by a ventilation system, to warm the fresh air coming in. This energy efficiency measure can reduce heat demand effectively (IEA, 2006c). The same principle applies for cooling during hot periods: heat exchangers and heat pumps retain the lower temperature from the inside to cool down the warmer fresh air coming in. Heat pumps can also be applied to maximise the use of process heat in the industrial sector (IEA, 2006c; HPC, 2007). This report focuses on geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), as the ambient heat provided from air and water sources is lower grade and usually considered under energy efficient end-use technologies. Space and water heating make up the main share of energy consumption in the residential area. An increased share of renewables to meet those demands could contribute to a more sustainable energy future. REHC can therefore help make a significant contribution to reach the IEA’s shared goals for all countries by: diversifying the energy supply; improving the security of energy supply since the renewable energy resources are mainly domestic and unlimited; increasing overall system efficiency since there are minimal conversion and distribution losses; andPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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