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helpingthetransitiontolow-carbonenergysystemsandavoidinggreenhousegasemissionsfromthe use of fossil fuels. This report aims to draw the attention of all stakeholders, including policy makers, to the potential increased contribution that REHC technologies could make to future energy supplies. It also aims to encourage further collaborative research development and deployment (R D & D) investment, and to overcome the barriers and challenges identified to more rapid technology deployment. An overview of the relevant REHC technologies and their maturity (Section 2) and current market situation (Section 3) is provided. Reaching the potential contribution to total supply depends upon cost competitiveness and measurability as well as overcoming institutional, legal and behavioural barriers. R D & D needs are discussed with experience from policy support mechanisms described for selected countries (Section 4). Recommendations for policies that could enhance the greater deployment of REHC technologies are provided. Political instruments and experiences to promote REHC are reported for Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Relevant policy targets, measures, budgets and experiences are included where possible. In addition market led examples are provided from China, New Zealand and Iceland. The Annex to this report contains a compilation of 12 detailed country studies. What is Renewable Heating? Conversion of a renewable energy source to useful heat has been elaborated by the IEA together with industry (EU-project Therra, 2006) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Renewable energy heat production options 23 Input Output Definitions for input and output sides differ. In this report the input definition is used for data that concerns primary energy use and the output definition for data concerning final energy demand (Table 1). Table 1 Comparison of input and output side definitions of renewable heat * For “shallow geothermal” there can be a “free cooling” mode where in summer the ground is cooler than ambient air. Thus the geothermal installation collects heat from buildings in summer and stores it in the ground. In winter, the heat is extracted from the warmer ground and transfers it to the buildings. In this case, there is no conversion, only transfer of heat. Renewable energy source Energy conversion system Direct useful heat Electricity generation or other energy carrier Useful heat from CHP Input Output Renewable heat is the energy content of a renewable source that is converted/transferred* into useful heat Useful renewable heat output is the heat coming from conversion/transfer* of a renewable energy source that is used by an end user or in a follow-up conversion process Primary energy use Energy servicesPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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