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Renewable energy sources converted to energy carriers that are then used to provide useful heating services are wide ranging (Figure 3). When a renewable source is used to produce heat and another product such as electricity, the source is split into a fraction used for heat and a fraction used for the other product. If heat is produced by a renewable and a non-renewable source (as for the co-firing of biomass with coal in a CHP plant), the heat output should be split proportionally into renewable and non-renewable fractions. Figure 3 Examples of renewable energy resource inputs selected to show how they can provide useful heat outputs as direct heat or as combined heat and power (CHP). Input Woody biomass Animal manure Food & fibre product residues Geothermal Geothermal Solar Conversion process & energy carriers Output Heat Direct heat Electricity Heat Direct heat Electricity Heat Heat Electricity Heat Heat Combustion Biogas Landfill gas Heat exchanger Steam turbine Water heater collector Combustion Combustion Anaerobic digestion Landfill disposal 24 Ambient heat transferred to a useful temperature level using a heat pump is renewable (although fossil fuel or nuclear primary energy inputs are often used to generate the electricity needed to drive the appliance). The same is true for shallow geothermal heat that is used via heat pumps. However, neither source has been integrated into IEA energy statistics in a systematic and consistent way due to measurement problems. Data on the contribution from passive solar building systems faces similar problems. The IEA acknowledges its importance and has referred to it in several publications, but it has not been included in statistics due to the difficulties in collecting or estimating the amount of passive solar energy. What is Renewable Cooling? In line with the definition for renewable heating, renewable cooling can also be defined from the input and output side similar to that shown in Table 1. Typical examples of renewable cooling (Yamaguchi, 2006) include: seasonal storage of cold during winter for use in summer through aquifer storage, snow or ice storage, cold water taken from the sea or deep lakes; production of cold through absorption cooling driven by a renewable source such as solar energy. Renewable cooling can also include electricity generated from renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind or hydropower that is then used to power refrigeration appliances and cool stores, although this is not included here.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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