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Box 4 Modern Building Energy Demand: less heating and more cooling In the past decades, thermal insulation of modern buildings has improved significantly. This has led to a lower heating demand and enabled the introduction of lower temperature heating, such that the use of ambient heat and heat pumps becomes feasible. On the other hand district heating systems become less attractive as less heat per consumer is purchased annually, though this can possibly be partly compensated for by an increase in use of floor space per consumer. Insulation also can reduce the cooling demand in summer. Cooling demands have grown because of increased internal heat loads from computers and other appliances, more rigorous personal comfort levels, and more glazed areas on modern commercial and domestic building designs that increase the heat influxes (IEA, 2006c). The ratio of building surface to volume has also been rising, especially in the service sector and often in combination with glazed facades (IEA, 2005). In effect, modern building designs have increased the demand for cooling but reduced the demand for heat energy. This trend has been amplified by recent warmer summers in many areas, increased demand for comfort, particularly by those living in developing countries and economies in transition, and the recent availability of low cost, air-conditioning systems. The reduction of heating loads should be encouraged as a positive aspect, but the increased application of conventional cooling equipment should be avoided. In order to decrease the cooling load, building design should focus more on the use of passive cooling options. The electricity peak load experienced in summer could then be reduced. Products and services Renewable energy sources and carriers can be used to produce energy products and services such as the delivery of direct heating, cooling and electricity (Table 2). Generally speaking there is a trade- off between the value of a service or product, its cost, and the complexity of the process required to produce it. For example, heat is usually a low-value product available at relatively low cost compared with higher-value electricity (see Merit order below). The possible uses of biomass, geothermal and solar thermal energy sources and energy carriers will be discussed in more detail in Section 2. Table 2 Energy products and services from renewable energy sources. Geothermal Deep – higher temperatures X X Shallow – lower temperatures X X *Electricity can be used to power appliances used to provide heat and cold including refrigerators and heat pumps (Box 3). 25 Renewable energy source Technology Direct heating Cooling Electricity* Biomass Combustion for heat only X Combustion for heat and power X X Integrated bioenergy systems (tri-generation) X X X Municipal solid waste incineration X X Anaerobic digestion for biogas X X Solar thermal Passive cooling building designs X Passive heating building designs X Active thermal heating X Solar assisted cooling X X Integrated PV-thermal collector X X Concentrating solar heat (CSH) X X XPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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