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2. REHC Technologies This section provides an overview of the maturity stage of REHC technologies before describing the individual technologies for solar, bioenergy and geothermal sources and their future developments. Solar-thermal Solar thermal is a relatively mature technology that has proven to be reliable and cost-competitive under certain circumstances since solar water heaters first became commercially available over thirty years ago. They have already reached a significant market share in some countries (Section 3). Other solar thermal applications are for crop drying, heating of large buildings2, and higher grade industrial heat purposes, possibly from concentrating solar heat systems (Rantil, 2006). Barriers to deployment in some situations include planning constraints on roof installations, high up-front capital costs, and a deficit of skilled trades people. Active heating Water, or another heat transfer fluid, is circulated through a duct and heated by transfer from direct solar radiation on the collector panel. Various designs of collectors are utilized in order to concentrate the solar radiation on the fluid duct and to maximize solar gains (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). The amount of heat energy captured per square metre of collector surface area varies with design and location but typically can range from 300 - 800 kWh/m2/yr. Figure 4 Flat plastic plate collectors for swimming pool water heating Figure 5 Glazed flat plate collectors Note: Roof based on the heat pipe principle mounted on a single dwelling (top left: Thermocell, New Zealand); incorporated into the building façade (top right: Aks- Doma); and integrated into the roof of a multi-apartment dwelling in Austria (bottom: SHC, 2007). 27 Source: SHC, 2007. Some designs use a heat transfer fluid that when warmed flows to a storage tank or a heat pump where the heat is then transferred to water that can then be used as hot water or for space heating. Full potential for solar thermal systems has not been reached in most IEA countries due to the relatively high capital costs compared with conventional water heating systems. Depending on water use behaviour 2. See for example www.solarwall.com/homePDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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