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28 and number of people in a household, solar water heaters can give long payback periods of around 5 to 10 years or longer. Elsewhere, such as in China, simpler, cheaper systems (often without freeze protection for example) are manufactured that have reached the mass market and can compete since conventional hot water systems are not always available. Under optimal conditions, it has been estimated that the use of conventional energy inputs of gas or electricity for water heating could be cut by around 50% in applications which require temperatures up to 250oC and by around 60-70% for domestic water heating energy with temperatures up to around 60oC when sited in low latitudes below 40 degrees. The amount of savings however is partly dependent on the users’ behaviour and the time of the hot water draw-off. A review of the limited literature available on hot water use together with comparative practical testing of three designs of solar thermal systems and a heat pump at 40oS latitude (Kerr et al., 2007) identified disappointing performance of the solar systems, particularly where hot water was drawn off mainly during the daytime. The use of auxiliary controllers (on/off timers) to prevent the back-up gas or electric heating system coming into play during the daytime made a significant difference to the amount of useful solar energy gain obtained in some situations. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the solar water heaters compared with the heat pump were then similar, although there was a tendency for heat pumps to be the better performer in regions with less than around 2000 hours of sunshine a year. The complex relationships between highly variable times and rates of draw-off, and possible interaction with utility load control strategies, can all impact on the useful heat savings achieved in practice from solar thermal systems and further analysis is required. Figure 6 Chinese roof mounted domestic evacuated tube collector construction details from a Vitosol 300 heatpipe (left) and direct coupled collector (right). Source: www.viessmann.com. Figure 7 A solar heater combi-system, combining water heating and space heating through room radiators Source: www.solvis.com.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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