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Combined heat and power (CHP) however is a well-proven technology, which is reasonably efficient in terms of benefit per unit of biomass. From an energy quality point of view, it is more beneficial than production of only electricity or heat alone with overall conversion efficiencies of around 70-90% possible where the heat can be usefully employed. Figure 8 Pathways for converting energy from biomass material into usable forms of heating and cooling or into other energy carriers (e.g. transport biofuels, electricity) Agricultural products Industrial by-products Forest products Waste Pyrolysis Gasification Anaerobic digestion Fermentation Combustion 31 Heat Electricity Biomass fuel types and prices Transport fuels The cost share of the biomass feedstock compared with the total energy cost can be considerable. Generally biomass is not freely available as even wastes and residues need to be collected and stored. However agricultural residues, animal wastes, or MSW can have very low costs or possibly even negative costs in situations where a disposal or treatment cost is avoided. MSW streams are technically more difficult to deal with due to the control needed to minimize and monitor polluting emissions. In comparison to fossil fuels, biomass also has a relatively lower energy density. This leads to higher transport costs. Hence overall, the €/GJ of delivered energy can be very wide ranging depending on biomass type, transport distance and storage costs. For biomass produced from purpose-grown energy crops, the energy content can be higher than for residues but their fuel characteristics less variable. Producing energy crops does however require a long chain of activities, from planting and harvesting to storage and drying, which add to the costs. Emissions The largest contribution to renewable energy is the use of traditional biomass combusted in open fires by around 2.5 billion people living in developing countries who rely on biomass for household usesPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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