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performs heating and cooling services. Reversible heat pumps in small air conditioners are mostly used for cooling only and are therefore not considered as renewable heat from ambient sources. Figure 9 Shallow geothermal systems are available in a range of types to match the local heat source whether in wet or dry ground Heat exchange loops Vertical Borehole heat exchanger Horizontal Ground-water Two well 34 A geothermal heat pump needs electricity to drive it. The coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio of heat output to energy input. A conventional ground-coupled system has a COP of 3 to 4, although, depending on the system configuration, a COP up to 7 can be attained, for example by minimising the temperature lift and applying a low temperature radiant heating system. Heat pumps extracting heat from air or surface water are less effective due to the more variable temperature of the source. ATES can store surplus low temperature heat in summer (when there is a low heat demand) for use in winter when heat demand is higher. To achieve this, suitable hydro-geologic conditions are required which are not available everywhere. Other types of storage used as a source for renewable heating or renewable cooling or both depending on the seasonal needs, include ice banks, phase change materials (PCM), and thermo-chemical systems. Heat and cold storage technologies have their own typical efficiency and energy losses. Whether or not the energy output can be regarded as renewable depends on the origin of the heat. For example regenerating ATES systems using residual heat from fossil fuel-fired industrial processes or thermal electricity generation are not considered to be renewable. Applications and competitiveness REHC applications can be divided into single- and multi-family dwellings, settlements, commerce and services, agriculture, and industry. Each category has different heating and cooling requirements (Table 4). REHC options have to compete with conventional heating and cooling technologies in order to achieve a high penetration in modern energy systems. However, renewable energy options can be more expensive than conventional technologies (Section 3). Each heat demand sector has its own range of typical energy prices. For example a steel or aluminium industry consumes relatively large quantities of energy which can result in bulk purchase discounts. Conversely, households often pay high prices for their heat energy, a major share being for distribution fees and end-user taxes. The agriculture, commerce and service sectors can benefit from buying larger amounts of energy compared to households to gain discounts Note: The vertical borehole heat exchanger system is the most common. Source: Rybach, 2006.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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