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Wind Biomass Hydro (small+large) Solar Electric Ocean SHC Geothermal 40 observed for each doubling of installed capacity of solar water heaters. Combi-systems in particular have profited from this cost-reduction and consequently increased their market share. Further RD&D investment can help to drive these costs down further. The IEA implementing agreement on Solar Heating and Cooling identified four priority fields for RD&D activities. Figure 11 RD&D investment in renewable energy by IEA member countries from 1974 to 2002 Million USD (2002 prices and exchange rates) 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 Materials and components Effective optical coatings on surfaces and anti-reflective, self-cleaning, glazing materials need to be developed. In order to prolong service intervals and lifetime the ability of materials and components to withstand high temperature could be improved. Innovative plastic materials with such characteristics together with better insulation materials could reduce costs and increase efficiency. New flat-plate collectors that can be integrated into building facades and roofs more easily need to be designed. Further market potential is seen in photovoltaic-thermal combined collectors that can deliver warm water as well as generate electricity. Advanced systems Mainly small scale water heating applications in single-family houses dominate the solar thermal market. To broaden the market for solar heating systems, the range of uses needs to be enlarged to include hotels, schools, commercial buildings etc. Current solar heating systems often have a back-up system. This means that users can profit directly only from fuel savings compared with a conventional system. Stand-alone systems without back-up could be used in combination with high-efficiency storage applications and well-insulated buildings to improve their competitiveness. Larger scale systems with capacities of several hundred kW for solar-assisted, district heating schemes, or for industrial applications with capacities in the MW scale, need further development, possibly based on concentrating solar heating (CSH) technologies. CSH technology is at the early development stage with several promising collector designs close to demonstration but with industrial applications needing to be identified. Collector and component 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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