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designs need to be optimized for medium temperature use and to meet the requirements of industrial applications. Testing procedures for the durability of the materials and components also need to be developed (SolarPaces, 2007). Building design integration Architectural design plays a major role for a broader market penetration of solar heating and cooling options. The components need to become standardised elements of modern buildings rather than retrofitted. In well-insulated energy efficient houses, less energy is consumed and the length of heating period changes. This means that the heat loads can shift to the season when solar gains are minimal – especially in high latitude countries. Passive solar building designs vary widely but some basic principles exist and REHC can be integrated, particularly for water heating. Poor building design could change the behaviour of the inhabitants due to such issues as glare. Standards, regulations and test procedures Some solar heating installations have not shown the performance promised by the manufacturer (Philibert, 2006). New standards, regulations and testing procedures, coupled with appropriate labelling, could aid accelerated market uptake by building up consumer trust in the manufactured products. This is especially important for new solar technologies such as evacuated tubes and combi-systems where many manufacturers are entering the market so that discerning a quality product is difficult for the consumer. Standard testing procedures on such details as hail resistance of the solar collector panel could also enhance international trade of the technologies. RD&D for biomass and bioenergy technologies Production of biomass feedstocks needs to be balanced against food and fibre production and biodiversity concerns. Bioenergy heat and power generation and co-firing with coal or gas are advanced and competitive, normally using crop and forest residues and organic wastes. Research on innovative ways of providing a sustainable and stable feedstock base is essential to enable a substantial market penetration of biomass for heating purposes, (and also for other competing biomass uses). Short- term research priorities could support the development of biomass production and certification so that sustainably produced biomass can be traded locally, nationally and internationally. Furthermore, minimum standards and norms relating to biomass fuel quality should be developed in order to guarantee an efficient conversion processes. Currently 34 different standards for transport biofuels are under development (Maniatis, 2006) but for heat a more simple process could be feasible. Biomass combustion is a fully mature technology competitive with other forms of heat production depending on specific circumstances of feedstock costs and availability. RD&D inputs could target reducing air pollutants in both small and large scale heat plants. Current EU legislation attempts to limit particulate matter concentrations as does the US Clean Air Act. However emissions to the air are also a problem in less developed parts of the world where inefficient biomass use and older Bioenergy plants dominate the residential and industrial sectors. Poly-generation in bio-refineries to simultaneously produce heat, power, transport fuels and chemicals needs considerable RD&D in order to extend existing uses and to minimize conversion losses. RD&D for geothermal technologies Large scale applications have been in use for electricity production and direct heat for more than 45 years, demonstrating long-term sustainable potential. However although deep geothermal is mature, research efforts are still needed to reduce operational costs, devise strategies to avoid or mitigate 41PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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