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42 adverse environmental effects, better understand reinjection and resource use, improve efficiency of energy extraction, develop more efficient binary and organic Rankine cycles, and improve sustainable utilization strategies. Further RD&D efforts could make the use of geothermal more attractive in more regions located away from tectonic plate boundaries. During the last 20 years capital costs /MW installed of geothermal projects have decreased by about 50% as the easier problems have been resolved. As a result of RD&D investment, refinements in exploration techniques continue to improve the success rate of drilling, and reduce development risk and costs. Refinements in treatment processes of waste waters and gases continue to provide cost-effective options that are environmentally preferable. For example full re- injection of waste fluids is becoming more widespread, and even an obligation in some countries. General RD&D priorities for geothermal include life-cycle analysis of direct heat use systems, sustainable production from geothermal resources and the use of shallow geothermal resources for small-scale individual users. More specific research tasks are the development of better exploration, resource confirmation and management tools, the development of deep (> 3000 m) geothermal resources and co- generation of heat and power. Costs for geothermal well drilling, logging and completion also need to be reduced. Also relevant is research on local geothermal resources used for space and district heating as well as multi-purpose heat “cascading”. Methodologies and tools to better determine a geothermal resource without drilling and to better assess its financial viability need to be developed. Expertise in geothermal exploration and equipment installation is lacking in many countries and capacity building is required. This can be achieved in part through co-operation, exchange of information and joint workshops with experienced countries such as Italy, Iceland and New Zealand. RD&D for cooling Solar assisted cooling (SAC) was developed in the 1980s but only a relatively few systems are running today, mostly from demonstration projects. SAC is therefore still mainly in the development stage and few policies are yet in place to encourage deployment (Section 4). Additional RD&D efforts are necessary to design small-scale applications that can replace conventional air-conditioning appliances. Synergies could lie in combining solar heating and cooling systems that provide space and water heating and energy for solar cooling at the same time. Cooling loads will probably increase in the summer due to increased comfort demands from air conditioning, more glazed buildings and climate change. This can result in peak power demands creating stress on a given electricity generation and distribution system. Therefore alternative cooling applications deserve more RD&D investment. SAC seems to be especially promising because high solar irradiation levels often correlate with high cooling loads and peak load shaving is possible (EREC, 2007). Other renewable systems can contribute too since the fundamental cooling appliance designs are similar regardless of the heat source being used to drive them. This opens up synergetic potential that could be tapped through increased RD&D efforts. The cost and efficiency of GHPs used for cooling in summer by taking some heat from the air and storing it in the ground for use in winter can be further improved. Cooling can also contribute to an increase in the profitability of district heating systems and increase their capacity factor. District cooling systems based on utilizing renewable energy resources are under development and could contribute to the future increased uptake of the use of REHC (Ecoheatcool, 2006).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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