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66 Box 6 Innovative Instruments - quota obligations for heat Also known as Renewable Portfolio Standards, quota obligation schemes, first introduced in the late 1990s, place an obligation on electricity suppliers to provide a set quantity or percentage of their total supply from renewable energy sources. Governments set the targets for renewable energy over time and allow the market to determine the price. Least-cost technologies closest to market competitiveness are therefore encouraged by quota obligation systems. The success of such policies depends largely on the specific design features. Penalties for non- compliance must be sufficiently high and well enforced. Quotas should not be set so high that they exceed the readily available potential supply of REHC. Poor policy design features have inhibited the success of past policies as a result of application to only a small segment of the market, uncertainty in the structure of purchase obligations, uncertainty around the end-date, and a lack of enforced penalties. It is common practice for electricity to include a Green Certificate trading scheme in association with quota obligations. Producers receive a “Green Certificate” credit for the renewable electricity they generate representing its renewable attributes. A market is created for trading the certificates, driven by the obligation placed upon energy suppliers for a mandated amount of renewable energy. The certificates are proof of meeting a legal obligation and may be sold or banked. Due to the distributed nature of heat, it would be necessary to place a similar obligation for renewable heating quotas not on a centralized, grid-based heat supplier, but rather on suppliers of conventional heating fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas. Based on their market share, these suppliers would be required to ensure that a certain amount of renewable heat is also generated. This type of instrument would encourage only limited incentive for large heat generation units and district heating networks. Conventional fuel suppliers would not necessarily be required to generate renewable heat themselves. They could buy certificates from other renewable heat producers, as for a standard electricity quota obligation policy. Certificates would be allocated to the producers of renewable heat who can sell them to the obligated parties or trade them on an open market (Nast et al., 2007). Such a scheme for REHC could require making separate quantity obligations for solar, biomass and geothermal heat. As for renewable heat certificates (Box 5), creating barriers for REHC deployment should be avoided by careful policy design. The quota obligation could also be designed so that it can support REHC in community or industrial applications. However, like the fixed-heat tariff, such a system would require adaptation of specific design features because of the distributed nature of heat plants. Discussions on the incorporation of a quota obligation system for heat are currently in progress in the UK and Germany (Annex B12 and B4). Sticks: Regulatory schemes Generally implemented by means of regulation, governments can intervene in the market by placing requirements on specified sectors. This type of instrument forces REHC deployment by directly requiring the development of specified technologies. The legal and administrative costs of political incentives are often kept to a minimum for governments, although monitoring and enforcement may be required at the local or regional level.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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