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Box 7 Innovative Instruments – links to energy efficiency schemes Policies in support of energy efficiency measures have introduced a “White Certificate” scheme to facilitate achieving energy saving targets. An artificial market for tradable energy efficiency measures is created as a tool to promote energy efficiency. Certification of defined measures enhances the likelihood of meeting efficiency targets. The tradability aspect ensures that objectives are met in a cost-effective way. White certificate schemes, based on regulations on energy efficiency, are currently in place in the UK, Italy, and France. Energy efficiency schemes may be linked to promotional schemes for REHC by including them in the definition of measures eligible to receive the certificates, thus supporting the REHC market. Such a system, with links to renewable heat, has been in place in Italy since January 2005. It includes solar thermal applications, heat pumps, and biomass heat as eligible measures for achieving energy savings. District heating and CHP have also been given specific qualifications under this scheme. A calculation sheet has been produced by the Italian Authority for Gas and Electricity (AEEG) to report the gross specific savings expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) per technology, (for example, toe / m2 of solar thermal collectors installed) (ESTIF, 2006a). Building regulations These typically apply to either a specific renewable heating technology or take the form of more general regulations to promote energy savings. Regulations requiring solar thermal systems for hot water in new or renovated buildings have become increasingly common in recent years. Regulations could also be used to require home owners to connect to a district heating grid fuelled by renewable energy. Building permission could be withheld if plans do not incorporate the necessary installation. Such regulations are justified where renewable heating technologies are more cost-effective if installed during construction rather than retro-fitted. The impact on the total building cost is therefore relatively low (EREC, 2004b). Moreover, the obligation on new buildings creates a minimum critical mass within the market, thus leading to lower costs and higher use of renewable heating technologies (ESTIF, 2006c). Such type of ordinance has the additional advantage of being easily understood by the obligated party. Supplying a portion hot water demand in a building using solar thermal technologies is relatively straightforward. However regulating for the supply of heat for both water and space is more difficult, though often more cost effective for geothermal or biomass heating systems. Building regulations may also be criticized in that they encourage individual heating systems rather than district heating (Nast et al., 2007). Standards Standards for heating and cooling equipment as set by governments would prevent less efficient technology designs from entering the market (as has been successfully achieved with various domestic appliances and electric motors). Greater confidence in the reliability of the technology is thereby created, thus reducing investment risks. Standards may be established for performance, safety, or siting of heating or cooling plants. Guidance: education-based schemes Education to promote REHC aims to enhance the awareness of the public by information campaigns and providing training to increase installer knowledge. This type of support may take the form of technical assistance, financial advice, labelling of appliances, or information distribution. Information 67PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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