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72 Countries which have been most successful with biomass heat uptake have employed a combination of support schemes, often including incentives for CHP and district heating. The whole supply chain needs to be addressed when designing policies in support of biomass. In addition to direct financial support, the importance of guidance-based policies has been marked regarding the development of solar thermal. Stick-based policies have become more common, mainly based on regional policies supporting solar thermal heat. Such regulations may be a good basis for the future design of policies as much of the public financial burden is removed. Policies designed to support solar thermal should incorporate aspects for heat storage because of the intermittent nature of the solar resource, although few countries have done so. REHC is an opportunity for countries to fulfil their overall renewable energy targets. As the support for renewable heat increases, more and more policies are tailored to individual technologies, resource availability, and numerous external factors compromising individual national frameworks. Since REHC technologies are at different development stages and levels of cost competitiveness, it follows logically that the types and packages of support should vary by technology type. In other words, policies well- suited for biomass may not necessarily be suitable for the development of solar thermal or geothermal heat. Therefore, the definition of national goals is important so that the design of incentive schemes can be tailored appropriately. Lessons learned from current policies It has been argued that a well-balanced set of focused, transparent and stable policies may be preferable for the successful deployment of renewable electricity, transport and heat technologies. The success of an individual policy depends on its design and the supporting levels of enforcement. In order to promote strong, substantial growth in each renewable sector, policies must be reliable and long-term (often quoted as “loud, long and legal”). Targets for definitive quantities or percentages of renewable energy should be clearly outlined and verifiable. This analysis did not assess the impact of policies over time and further work is recommended. Policies to support REHC need to address the specific challenge of the distributed nature of local heat demand and variability of use, especially for hot water. In contrast to large scale renewable electricity projects, policies in support of renewable heating should address to a greater extent the availability of local information, the success (or otherwise) of local projects, and local circumstances. In addition bureaucratic and administrative barriers, such as needing planning permission even for simple solar collector roof installations, or mining rights for geothermal heat extraction, may inhibit deployment and should be minimised. Each country and state has a unique set of circumstances, needs, and resources that play an important role in the design and success of policies for renewable heating and may influence the appropriateness of a policy for a given area. For example, Sweden has had much success with the implementation of a tax exemption for biomass, increasing the levels of biomass-based heat (see Good Policy Practices section below) because the country has a strong forestry industry and well-developed infrastructure for biomass upon which the tax incentives could stand. Similarly the Barcelona Solar Thermal Ordinance has received much international attention for its innovation and success in promoting solar thermal panels. The ordinance, requiring new buildings or buildings undergoing heavy renovation to fulfil 60% of their hot water demand with solar heat, has been successful in part due to the expanding building and construction industry. In countries where the forestry and building industry sectors are less dominant, similar policies may have substantially different results. Therefore, each nation must design its own system and combination of policies based on its individual situation, resources and set of goals.PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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