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54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 422 400 533 866 Throttle Temperature, K ( F) Back pressure = 0.5 In. Hg abs (0.0246 psia) 600 644 755 977 1088 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Figure 5. Effect of Turbine Inlet Temperature for a Constant Outlet Backpressure . η= W [1] o ηsuperheat = theplant(seeequation4)intothelowtomid40%range4. 1 Qa Supercritical Rankine Cycle ηsimple = h3 − h1 − h4 + h5 h−h TheRankinecyclecanbegreatlyimprovedbyop3erat1inginthesupercriticalregionofthecoolant. Most h−h−h+h modern fossil fuel plants employ the supercritical Ra4nkin1e Ste5am C6 ycle which pushes the thermal efficiency of h−h ηsupercritical = h2 − h1 − h3 + h4 Equation 4. h2 −h1 For water, this cycle corresponds to pressures above 3,206.2 psia and temperatures above 705.4 oF (646.3 K) [1]. The T-S diagram for a supercritical cycle can be seen in Figure 6. With the use of reheat and regeneration techniques, point 3 in Figure 6, which corresponds to the T-S vapor state of the coolant after it has expanded through a turbine, can be pushed to the right such that the coolant remains in the gas phase†. This simplifies the system by eliminating the need for steam separators, dryers, and turbines specially designed for low quality steam. † Traditionally, a Rankine cycle operates across a phase change and a Brayton cycle operates entirely in the gas phase. However, as improvements in material make higher temperatures and pressures available, the difference between a supercritical Rankine cycle and a Brayton cycle blur. For the purpose of this paper, a supercritical Rankine cycle is one which has evolved from a simple Rankine cycle or one for which it is desirable to run along the gas/vapor boundary (dimer and trimer formation only) to maximize heat extraction from the coolant. T 1 4 2 W = Q a- Q r 3 Qr 0S Figure 6. Supercritical Rankine Cycle. -- 0 0 0 , 5 0 1 50 0 0 1500 0 3 .2 500 6 2 20 00 10 0 0 20 e l t t o r 100 h T t a r 50 o p a V d e t a r u t a S 14.7 y r D Rankine Steam Cycle Thermal Efficiency, Percent Throttle Pressure, psiaPDF Image | Storage, Transformation and Upgrading of Thermal Energy
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