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EGS No commercial scale EGS currently exists, although, according to an MIT report, these could be working “in a 10- to 15-year period if we step up and do the engineering work right now” (Dor- reen). One danger, is that “injecting fluid into hot, dry rocks occasionally triggers earthquakes. An EGS project in Basel, Switzerland, was suspended in 2006 after it triggered a 3.4-magnitude quake” (Smith et al). However, an Australian study reports the danger of earthquakes from EGS as low, and claims that it can be reduced with proper management (Jennejohn, Blodgett & Gawell). As the technology advances, EGS has tremendous potential to generate clean electricity around the world. Economics Like most kinds of renewable electricity, Geothermal has a large up-front price; drilling a well is estimated to cost $1 to $4 million (Watson) or around “$2500 per installed kW in the U.S.” (US DOE Geothermal). Cost does vary greatly, depending on geological and other conditions. Once installed, geothermal provides extremely inexpensive power over a long timeframe. As no fossil fuels are extracted or transported, geothermal operation and maintenance costs only $.01 to $.03 per Kilowatt Hour (kWh) (US DOE Geothermal). While the up front cost of a geothermal plant is higher than a natural gas plant, over time the costs are similar. ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main.php Goffman: Geothermal Energy Currently, commercial scale geothermal plants must be located above an area that includes a com- bination of heat and water sufficient to produce steam. However vast heat resources exist under- neath the earth, lacking the water needed for to- day‟s geothermal plants. If these could produce electricity, geothermal energy‟s reach would be greatly expanded. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is the name for a method of doing just this.EGS relies on pumping liquid down to a suffi- ciently hot depth by drilling in two places perhaps a quarter mile apart, generating a set of fractures. Cold fluid is pumped down one well, resulting in steam at the other well (Dorreen). As with other forms of geothermal electricity, the steam then turns a turbine that powers a generator. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/enhan ced_systems.html 6 Released September 2009PDF Image | The k p method and its application to graphene, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons: the Dirac equation
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