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Global Picture Karl Gawell believes that geothermal growth potential is tremendous, that “the geothermal in- dustry is a lot like the oil industry of the 19th century.” Around 1917, many believed that the world had run out of oil, but new techniques allowed the discovery of enormous new reserves. Gawell believes the same will happen with geothermal. On a global level, hard numbers for geothermal resources are difficult to come by, as recent studies are lacking (Geothermal 101). According to a 1999 report, “geothermal resources using existing technology have the potential to support between 35,448 and 72,392 MW of worldwide electrical generation capacity.” With enhanced technology the potential is for “as much as 1,089 billion kWh of electricity annually” (Geothermal 101), or 1,089,000,000 gWh. By contrast, the International Energy Agency estimates total world energy consumption in 2006 at about 8,000 Mtoe, or 93,040,000 gWh, more than ten times the 2006 world consumption. So far, however, only a few countries are generating any geothermal electricity whatsoever. As of 2000, 24 coun- tries produced geothermal power, with as many as 46 estimated to do so by 2010 (Gawell & Greenberg). Goffman: Geothermal Energy Oceans and Energy One energy source not discussed at length in this Discovery Guide series is wave and tidal power from the oceans. Currently far less developed than other renewables, wave and tidal have the potential to become a major power source. According to one estimate, “just 2 one-thousandths of the oceans' untapped energy could provide power equal to current worldwide demand” (von Jouanne). Tidal energy relies on undersea propellers driven by the tides. Similar to windmills, the energy is potentially much greater, as water is some 800 times denser than air. This means, however, that tidal turbines need to be extremely tough to withstand the power of the ocean. Currently only two commercial tidal plants are in operation, in France and Canada (US DOE Ocean). Wave power depends on focusing waves into a narrow channel to capture their energy. However, no commercial wave power plants currently exist. http://www.eia.doe. gov/kids/energyfact s/sources/renewable Because ocean cycles are relatively consistent, wave and tidal energy, although intermittent, is more predictable than wind or photovoltaic power. Potential effects on marine ecosystems are unknown, however, particularly since harnessing ocean energy on a large scale will require huge and unprecedented turbine arrays, or other possibly disruptive technology. Furthermore, with ocean power technology still experimental, commercial deployment is estimated to be at least five years away (Clayton), while wave energy is about as developed as wind turbines were 15 or 20 years ago (von Jouanne). Still, the potential is great. According to the Electric Power Research Institute, “Waves alone could produce 10,000 megawatts of power, about 6.5 percent of US electricity demand” (Clayton). /ocean.html ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main.php Released September 2009 9PDF Image | The k p method and its application to graphene, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons: the Dirac equation
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