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Fig. 17.5. The dual or Sabathé cycle. The energy efficiency can be expressed as: 1 rr 1 1 pc (17.4) Brayton cycle e,dual r1 r (r 1)r 1 pcp The Brayton cycle, named after the American engineer George Brayton (that built a two-stroke reciprocating engine in 1876 and advanced combustion chambers at constant pressure), is a good model for the operation of a gas-turbine engine (first successfully tested by F. Whittle in 1937, and first applied by the Heinkel Aircraft Company in 1939), nowadays used by practically all aircraft except the smallest ones, by many fast boats, and increasingly been used for stationary power generation, particularly when both power and heat are of interest. In the ideal air-standard Brayton cycle, the working fluid is just air, which is assumed to follow four processes (Fig. 17.6): isentropic compression, constant-pressure heat input from the hot source, isentropic expansion, and constant-pressure heat rejection to the environment. Contrary to reciprocating engines, the gas turbine is a rotatory device working at a nominal steady state (it can hardly work at partial loads); spark-plug ignition is used to start up combustion, since air compressor outlet temperature is not high enough to inflame the fuel injected (the correct air-flow being already provided by the compressor, either driven by an auxiliary power unit, or, in modern power plants, by reverse feeding the alternator to work as an electric motor). Fig. 17.6. The ideal Brayton cycle in the T-s and p-V diagram, and the regenerative Brayton cycle. Most gas turbines are internal combustion engines where the working fluid must be renovated continuously as sketched in Fig. 17.7, but some gas turbines use a closed-loop working fluid. Fig. 17.7. Open cycle and closed cycle gas turbine models.PDF Image | THERMAL MACHINES AND HEAT ENGINES
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