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Fig. 17.11. Combined power cycles: a) Brayton-Rankine, b) Diesel-Brayton. There are other combined cycles, still in the developing stage, that show great promise from both the energetics and the environmental aspects, like Graz cycle in Fig. 17.12 (proposed in 1985 by Prof. H. Jericha from Graz University, Austria), where pure oxygen is used as oxidiser instead of air (to avoid NOx-emissions and to have a pure exhaust gas), which on combustion with a fuel (e.g. natural gas) yields only water vapour and carbon dioxide as products, easily separated in a water condenser, ready to CO2 capture, a major concern in the fight against global warming by anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Of course, CO2 capture can be done with all traditional power cycles, e.g. by selective chemical absorption from the exhaust, but it is not competitive with oxy-fuel cycles like Graz's. Application of these air-independent propulsion concepts to submarines is evident. Fig. 17.12. The Graz cycle, a new combined gas-steam power cycle burning fuel with pure oxygen, and capturing carbon dioxide. Example 5. Combined Brayton-Rankine cycle Besides the above-mentioned combined-power heat engines, a great promise lays in other combined- power plants, notably the coupling of gas turbines with fuel cells (and fuel reformers, both to make good use of coal as primary fuel through gasifiers, and to deliver coal-derived synthetic liquid-fuels). PROPULSION To propel or impel is to force a body to move forwards, and it requires a push (a force) and an energy expenditure (motive power) to overcome the drag imposed in practice by the nearby objects (if therePDF Image | THERMAL MACHINES AND HEAT ENGINES
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