PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 020
showing that air-breathing engines are much better than rockets (if there is air!) because typical values are ve,turbojet2·102 m/s, and ve,rockett5·103 m/s. COGENERATION Cogeneration is the term coined for the combined (simultaneous) generation of work and heat (useful heat, really). Notice that, if a heat engine were perfectly designed, its necessary heat rejection to the environment would be at so close the ambient temperature that it would have no useful energy (i.e. no exergy); conversely, if a heating device were perfectly designed, its maximum temperature would be just above the desired utilization level. However, actual heat engines release waste heat at 100..400 K over ambient temperature, and boilers may use flames at 2000 K to heat water to 400 K. This practical poor design of either single (work or heat) producer is what justifies the interest in combined their production, although the saving in required components may be another advantage. A handy cogeneration application is the cabin heating in a car, where engine heat rejection (from the exhaust or from the cooling fluid) is recovered when space heating is needed. Cogeneration must serve two clients simultaneously, each with changing needs over time. Following the demand of a single client is already complex; e.g. to satisfy electrical power needs at home or in a firm, one sets the maximum capacity (and pays for this availability), and then make use of the power as needed (paying additionally for the energy consumed); the electricity-generation companies must also have a large-enough installed capacity (many power stations) and start-and-stop or modulate units as demand varies with time. Operation of a home or industrial boiler is similar: it must be modulated to follow the changing needs on sanitary hot water, space heating... If following the demand of a single client (power or heating) is already so cumbersome, satisfying the demand on time from several users is much more difficult, if not impossible, and in practice cogeneration just follows one demand (or none), i.e. it provides a more or less constant base power capacity, and additional power needs are covered by electricity from the grid, and by additional boilers. Self-generation of electricity in industry is not the rule because the efficiency is larger in large power stations, even when accounting for up to 10% transmission losses; self-generation was only a redundant option for critical premises (e.g. hospitals, airports) in case of grid failure. Thermal power needs, however, are always in-situ generated because of the high transport costs. But the synergy of using in-situ equipment to produce both heat and work can be great, and it is no wonder that cogeneration systems were implemented in large-consumer premises (department stores, primary industry, large vehicles...) since the early 1900s. Cogeneration is provided by using a heat engine (a steam turbine, a gas turbine or a reciprocating engine) to generate work and, at the same time, heat (usually in a exhaust gasses boiler). The great advantage of cogeneration is the energy saving; an additional advantage may be the autonomy gained by self-production, and the main drawback is that the ratio of work-to-heat generation is rather stiff, none can be easily accumulated, and the actual need of work and heat may vary a lot with time (that was one of the main advantages of central production: the levelling of the averaged demand). To stiffness of a cogeneration plant is relaxed by the possibility to send excess work-power to the electrical grid, a convenience that has been enforce by public authorities on account of the social benefit that saving in primary energy resources (fossil fuels) cogeneration brings. According to the prime mover, typical cogeneration systems are: Reciprocating engine cogeneration. The useful heat-to-work ratio is around 0.6. It is only used for direct heating with the exhaust gasses or the cooling water, but not to generate vapour.PDF Image | THERMAL MACHINES AND HEAT ENGINES
PDF Search Title:
THERMAL MACHINES AND HEAT ENGINESOriginal File Name Searched:
Power.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)