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Gas turbine cogeneration. The useful heat-to-work ratio is around 2. It does not require changes in the power plant, it is a versatile cogeneration system, and its use is expanding in most industries: textile, chemical, food. Because the exhaust gasses are relatively hot (some 700 K), it is suitable for high temperature applications. Vapour turbine cogeneration. The useful heat-to-work ratio is around 7 (suitable for the iron industry, but still low for the ceramic and glass industry). It directly provides useful vapour, either by extracting some of it at an intermediate stage in the turbine, or by not expanding to the low pressures of ambient temperatures but to higher than atmospheric pressures (it is called a back-pressure turbine), to render the whole turbine outlet vapour useful. Efficiencies of cogeneration plants are high, but care must be paid not to mix work and heat values (everybody knows that work is usually two or three times more expensive than heat, i.e. the output should be consistently measured in exergy, so that the, instead of W+Q, the output value is W+Q(1T0/T), where T is the temperature at which heat is delivered. Although cogeneration usually refers to the combined production of work (electricity) and heat (often abbreviated to CHP, combined heating and power), it can also be applied to work and cold, or the combination of work, heat, and cold (sometimes termed 'trigeneration', or CCHP, combined cooling heating and power), or even to the combined production of some useful substance (e.g. desalinated water, or synthetic fuel) and some energy service (power, heating, or cooling). Goswami cycle (still at research stage; proposed by Dr. Goswami in 1998) is a novel thermodynamic cycle that uses a vapour binary mixture to produce power and refrigeration simultaneously (it is a combination of a Rankine power cycle and an absorption cooling cycle). Trigeneration systems are usually based on a natural-gas-fuelled engine (a gas turbine most of the times), with an electrical generator, and an absorption heat pump (see Refrigeration) that works as a refrigerator in summer (or as a chiller, in general), and as a heating pump in winter (with a natural-gas burner to adjust the load). As said before for cogeneration, a big problem in trigeneration is that the equipment can only work for a nearly fix share of work, heat, and cold, whereas the actual demand may show wide changes with time in the share and in total amount of power. EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION WITH HEAT ENGINES AND OTHER GENERATORS Power cannot be generated; only converted from one form to another; what is implied is the generation of some useful power at the expense of some other less-convenient power. But recall that we have restricted here the term ‘power’ to mechanical or electrical power (i.e. excluding thermal power), so that power generation can be seen as the generation of electricity (or equivalent power) from any other energy source: thermal, chemical, nuclear, etc. Power generation efficiency can be defined as “useful output power divided by input power”, but it is not rigorous enough since at least two choices exist for the evaluation of input power: a) heat- equivalent power, and b) work-equivalent power. Table 2 presents typical values of power generation efficiencies using the raw input power (choice a), the most commonly used, although the net input power criterion, i.e. the exergy or available energy of the raw energy source, would give a sounder measure of the ‘technological efficiency’ of the power plant. Table 2. Some power generation efficiencies.PDF Image | THERMAL MACHINES AND HEAT ENGINES
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