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to 2030 and beyond, even assuming aggressive demand growth rates, and considering a range of technical constraints. Recent assessments21 show that the region could produce over 78 PWh from solar, wind, marine, geothermal and biomass energy (Figure 4). The corresponding nominal peak capacity would be about 33 TW22 (500 GW for geothermal; 3,400 GW for marine –ocean- power; 450 GW for offshore wind; 4,200 GW for onshore wind; 17,000 GW for PV; 7,500 GW for solar CSP, and 255 GW for biomass residues), well above foreseeable demand and enough to power the entire region, indeed the entire global demand, several times over. Considering that current consumption is 1.3 PWh, this means that by exploiting 1.6% of the available technical potential the full current electricity demand could be met. Moreover, the projected 2050 demand growth of 3.5 PWh would only amount to 4% of total available technical potential. In a global context, the renewable energy potential of the region could theoretically meet a major share of global power demand. The availability of this resource in the face of the sustainability challenge in the provision of power and the potential benefits that its deployment could bring to the region, calls for further review and exploration of possible ways to maximize its use. Figure 4. Renewable energy resource technical potential for electricity generation in LAC (PWh) Geothermal (electric) Ocean (OTEC, wave, tidal, etc) Wind-offshore Wind-onshore Solar PV Solar CSP Biomass-Residues 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Source: REN21.23 Solar is in practice a limitless resource. However, in this study, the potential solar resource was bounded based on limited by space availability (assuming 269 million hectares for Mexico and Central America and 1,761 for South America) with an average land use factor of 0.6, average solar irradiation of 152.4 to 175.9 W/m2, 25% conversion of efficiency, and a performance factor of 90%. Some of the renewable energy resources are broadly distributed, and others are concentrated in specific sites. Figure 5 shows specific regional renewable energy resources that have been drawn from different country studies. Developing just these illustrative resources would meet more than 100% of current electricity demand. These figures do not necessarily represent the full resource of a given area. In the case of Atacama Desert, for example, the land area that would be required to generate 26 TWh would be just 100 km2, or 0.01% of the desert’s area. Globally, the amount of new investment in NRETs is growing rapidly. In 2012 investment in NRETs and hydropower reached $244 billion - an increase of over 600% from 2004 - and, projections for 2012-2035 estimate a cumulative total of $6 trillion out of a total power system investment of $16.9 trillion.24 However, LAC’s share of global investment in NRETs and hydropower is modest (5.4% of the total).25 Rethinking our energy future p. 9PDF Image | White Paper on Renewable Energy for the 3GFLAC
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