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Nicaragua. More recently Caribbean countries (St. Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, Dominica, Montserrat, and St. Lucia) have developed plans to exploit their geothermal resources. There have been no geothermal projects to date in South America, although Argentina is planning a 100 MW plant in Neuquén,48 and Colombia, Ecuador and Panama are actively exploring their resource.49 • Biomass-based generation. Biomass, including energy from waste sources, is the primary source of electricity from NRETs in LAC. Most of it comes from sugarcane or wood from Brazil (7,800 MW), followed by Mexico (496 MW), Guatemala (300 MW), Argentina (300 MW) and Chile (526 MW).50 There continues to be interest in developing biomass and waste resources across the region. • Marine energy. There is no wave, tidal, or ocean thermal energy project operating in LAC, but interest is emerging as a result of significant resource potential. Chile is assessing the possibility of publishing a tender for prototype wave and tidal projects in the South, with support of the IDB, to take advantage of the substantial endowment along its coast line. • Small hydro:51 There is an installed capacity of approximately 1.6 GW52 in the region. Costs The costs of NRETs are dropping, following a market entry and maturation curve. The case of photovoltaic power is particularly remarkable as it is closer now to the fully commercial phase. The LCOE of PV has historically been higher than those of other generation technologies. During the past several years, however, PV prices have dropped dramatically as module prices have declined to $0.80/watt and below in 2013 (Figure 6). This has translated into dramatically lower PV LCOEs and steep decreases in the incentives required. Above all, most NRET auctions carried out in LAC are showing declining prices (see Table 1), particularly for larger markets and the lower rungs of the LCOEs. Figure 6. Global PV Module Costs 2009-2013 (US$/watt) 1,80 1,30 0,80 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: Adapted from Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2013). The Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation published by the International Panel on Climate Change provides levelized costs of energy (LCOE) for different technologies (Figure 7) around the globe. In addition, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has recently compiled a dataset of LCOEs for different technologies in LAC (see Figure 8).53 Although LCOE calculations exclude overall system costs, NRETs can be a cost effective option in many cases (nonetheless, further analysis is needed to make comparisons for each individual electricity system). It is anticipated that the LCOE will be further reduced for most of NRETs as they move along the maturity curve (see Figure 9). Rethinking our energy future p. 11PDF Image | White Paper on Renewable Energy for the 3GFLAC
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