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Notes 1 3GF, 2012. Report. Global Green Growth Forum, 8-9 October 2012, Copenhagen. “Resource Efficiency and Growth”. http://bit.ly/3GF2012 2 Schwartz, J., Darmania, R., Oliver, C., & Ullman, M. Inclusive green growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 3 Yépez-García, R. A., Johnson, T. M., & Andrés, L. A. (2010). Meeting the electricity supply/demand balance in Latin America & the Caribbean. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 4 Hoogwijk, M. and Graus, W. (2008). Global potential of renewable energy sources: a literature assessment. Background Report by order of REN21 – Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. Ecofys. Poole, A.D. (2009). The Potential of Renewable Energy Resources for Electricity Generation in Latin America; International Copper Association Ltd. – ICA Latinoamérica. (2010). Renewable Energy for Electricity Generation in Latin America: the Market, Technologies and Outlook. Chile. Meisen, P. and Krumper, S. (2009). Renewable energy potential of Latin America. Global Energy Network Institute. 5 Capacity factor values taken from assumptions made by Hoogwijk et al (2008) and NREL. (2010). Energy Technology Cost and Performance Data. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/capfactor.html 6 See note 13. 7 Yépez-García et al., 2010 (See reference in note 3). 8 On May 9th, 2013 in Mauna Loa CO2 concentration levels of 400ppm were recorded, which is a substantial increase over the level that existed in the pre-industrial period at 280ppm. 9 Vergara, W., Rios, A. R., Galindo, L. M., Gutman, P., Isbell, P., Suding, Samaniego, J.L. (2013). The climate and development challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean: Options for climate-resilient, low-carbon development Washington, DC. Inter-American Development Bank. 10 30% of the global hydro capacity is in LAC (although a significant portion is in Brazil) while the region only accounts for 7% of the total global electricity generation. 11 International Renewable Energy Agency. (2013). Renewable power generation costs in 2012: An overview. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. http://bit.ly/IrenaCosts. 12 Clean energy Ministerial. (2013). 21st Century Power Partnership: An overview and key activities. Washington, DC. 13 For the purposes of this document, the term “societal benefits” or “externalities” refers to the positive or negative impacts generated by the provision of goods or services and that have an effect on a third party. Societal costs or benefits occur when the costs or benefits of those that produce or buy the goods or services are different to the total social costs or benefits that their production and consumption involve. 14 1 petawatt-hour (PWh) is equal to 1,000 terawatts-hour (TWh), or 1,000,000 gigawatts-hour (GWh). 15 Own elaboration based on data from EIA energy database: http://www.eia.gov/countries/ 16 According to the US Energy Information Agency (EIA): http://1.usa.gov/160W3wH 17 Other sources estimate a growth in demand between 2.5 PWh to 3.3 PWh by 2030. Yéepez-García et al., R. A., Johnson, T. M., & Andrés, L. A. (2010). Meeting the electricity supply/demand balance in Latin America & the Caribbean. Washington, DC: The World Bank. (See reference in note 3). Luna, N., García, F., & Garcés, P. (2012). Energía sostenible para América Latina y el Caribe. ENERLAC, 4, 83-100. 18 Vergara et al., 2013. (See reference in note 9). 19 Although this varies by sub-region: Mexico and the Caribbean depend heavily on fossil fuels, Brazil and the countries of the Andean-Amazon sub-region rely heavily on hydropower, whereas the generation parks of Central America and the countries of the South Cone are fairly evenly divided between hydropower and fossil fuel-fired generation 20 At present, 92% of all on-grid renewable electricity generation is from hydropower, but the penetration of non- hydro technologies has been growing steadily, often with public support. Biomass and waste comprise the largest share, with almost 6%, and the remaining 2% are shared among geothermal (1.3%), wind (0.6%), and solar (0.004%). 21 See references in note 4. 22 Capacity factor values taken from assumptions made by Hoogwijk et al (2008) and NREL. (2010). Energy Technology Cost and Performance Data. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/capfactor.html 23 Hoogwijk, M. and Graus, W., 2008. (See reference in note 4). This report includes as well a potential of 2.8 PWh for hydropower (800 GW), and 2.8 PWh for energy crops (580GW). Energy residues capacities reported in this study were in thermal capacity. Therefore this capacity was multiplied by a 30% thermal to electric conversion factor. One reason to exclude energy crops is the anticipated continuous demand for food, feed and fiber from the region to balance global demand. Energy crops would exert an additional pressure on land resources possibly leading to a net loss of regional carbon sinks. 24 The New Policies Scenario. See International Energy Agency. (2012). World energy outlook 2012. Paris, France. 25 Frankfurt School-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance, & Bloomberg New Energy Finance. (2012). Global trends in renewable energy investment 2012. Frankfurt, Germany: Frankfurt School of Finance and Management. 26 WWF, 2012. Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature. Towards 100% renewable energy. WWF in collaboration with First Solar, 3TIER, and Fresh Generation. Rethinking our energy future p. 26PDF Image | White Paper on Renewable Energy for the 3GFLAC
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