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Four situations where such turbines could have advantages are in solar thermal plants, the bottoming cycle on a gas turbine, fossil fuel thermal plants with carbon capture, and nuclear power plants. For solar applications, an S-CO2 Brayton-cycle turbine is small enough that it is being considered for use on the top of small concentrated solar power towers in the 1-10 MWe class range. Unlike photovol- taics, solar power towers use heat engines such as air gas turbines or steam turbines to make electricity. Because heat engines are used, the power conversion efficiencies are two to three times better than for photovoltaic arrays. Placing the power conversion system at the top of the power tower greatly simplifies the solar power plant in part because there is no need to transport hot fluids to a central power station. Additionally, CO2 will not freeze under normal conditions and thus does not need to be kept warm at night during cold weather. Plus, S-CO2 power systems can operate at higher temperatures than steam due to the better material compatibility of CO2 with high-temperature stainless steels. The small size and simplicity of the system also make it attractive as a power cycle that can use the waste heat that is normally rejected from a standard gas turbine. These types of conversion systems are called bottoming cycles. Typically, steam is used, but bottoming cycle plants can also take ad- vantage of the small size and simplicity of the S-CO2 power conversion system. An S-CO2 bottoming cycle will be about as efficient as a steam bottoming cycle, but its small size will make it easier to install, and the single phase nature of the fluid will sim- plify the operation of the power plant. Some evaluations estimate that a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle turbine will use only a tenth the number of valves of a simi- larly sized steam plant. The turbines would also have advantages in coal-fired plants. If carbon capture and sequestration become a re- quirement for coal power, a fraction of the electricity gener- ated will be diverted to run the CCS equipment. The high efficiency that can be achieved in an advanced pressurized oxy-combustion process with pulverized coal when coupled to a supercritical CO2 power plant could make up for those losses, and thus keep zero-emission coal power plants eco- nomically competitive. Finally, supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton-cycle turbines would be natural components of next generation nuclear power plants using liquid metal, molten salt, or high tempera- ture gas as the coolant. In such reactors, plant efficiencies as high as 55 percent could be achieved. Recently Sandia has explored the applicability of using S-CO2 power systems with today’s fleet of light water reactors. Replacement of the steam generators with three stages of S-CO2 inter-heatersanduseofinter-coolingintheS-CO2 power system would allow a light water reactor to operate at over 30 percent efficiency with dry cooling with a compressor inlet temperature of 47 °C. The research loop in Arvada, Colo., is designed to study the useofS-CO turbines 2 for power production. c system can increase the electrical power produced per unit fuel used by up to 50 percent, provided the cycle is correctly designed for the heat source and the heat source combustor/ heater is efficient at getting the energy into the CO2 . In ad- dition, very compact, transportable, and affordable systems are possible due to the combination of low-to-modest turbine inlet temperatures (which enable the use of standard engi- neering materials such as stainless steel) together with high efficiency and high power density. The small overall size of the system will allow for advanced-modular manufacturing processes and a smaller footprint, both of which ought to de- crease costs. S-CO2 power systems can use all heat sources and can operate at power levels ranging from a single megawatt to hundreds of megawatts. That flexibility should provide for applications in a variety of systems, improving the economics and marketability of the power cycle. Sandia is not alone in this field, but we are, however, among of the leaders in developing this technology. We’re past the point of wondering if these power systems are going to be de- veloped and commercialized; the question is who will be first to market. Sandia and the U.S. Department of Energy have a wonderful opportunity to support the United States power needs by fostering this commercialization effort. n Sandia’sS-CO2 Braytoncycleprogramwasinitiatedbyseedmoney from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program and then funded by Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy. To Learn More The following publications contain additional information on supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle technology. • Angelino, G., “Carbon Dioxide Condensation Cycles for Power Production,” ASME Paper No. 68-GT-23, (1968). • Balje, O.E., Turbomachines: A Guide to Design, Selection, and Theory, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981. • Dostal, V., Driscoll, M.J. and Hejzlar, P. “A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors,” MIT-ANP-TR-100, March 2004. • Hoffmann, John R., and Feher, Ernest G.; “150 kWe Supercritical Closed Cycle System” Transactions of the ASME, January 1971. • www.sco2powercyclesymposium.com. ompared to power systems such as gas turbines and steam plants, the supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton January 2012 | mechAnIcAl engIneerIng 43 BarBer Nichols iNc.PDF Image | A turbine that uses supercritical carbon dioxide can deliver great power from a small package.
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