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Feasibility Requirements The most important step is identifying a siting location for a wind turbine or wind farm. The available wind resource at a specific location can be approximated using wind databases (e.g. Canadian Wind Atlas), however any identified sites must be further investigated. A wind anemometer is usually placed in potential locations to collect wind data for at least one full year. Other considerations include extreme wind conditions, setback requirements/spacing of turbines, land-use stipulations, accessibility, and environmental impact, particularly for bird and bat species. Another important feasibility requirement, particularly important for remote microgrids, is identifying interconnection details. A wind turbine needs to be connected to the grid, and building transmission lines is expensive, so locations near to existing infrastructure are preferred. Adding an intermittent power supply to a grid also presents control challenges. There is currently limited operational experience with hybrid grids that have high wind penetration rates, and matching the supply to the demand is essential (Ela, et al. 2010). Integration studies will be necessary to identify the components and control schemes necessary to operate a hybrid grid reliably. Generation Characteristics • Intermittent: storage or backup power required to meet electrical demand • Average capacity factor around 38% • Sizing ranges from micro-turbines of less than 10 kW all the way to 5 MW, 1.5 MW is the most common • Emissions: zero emissions during operation • High Availability: up to 98% for wind farms with multiple turbines (low maintenance requirements) System Costs Wind turbine capital costs typically dominate the cost of a wind project and there are no ongoing fuel costs, unlike typical power plants. The wind turbine itself can account for as much as 84% of the initial capital costs, which can be a major barrier to implementation (IRENA 2012b). Capital Cost ($/kW) O&M Cost ($/kWh) Capacity factor (%) $1700-$2450 0.010-0.054 25-45 Source: (IRENA 2012b) (Tegen, et al. 2012)PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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