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Solar Power Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells Solar power is the fastest growing renewable energy technology (RET) in the world, experiencing 44% growth per year between 2000 and 2011, although solar energy only accounts for 0.2% of global electricity production (EPIA 2012) (IRENAc 2012). Solar power is derived from the sun in a process called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. The basic principle is that when light energy hits certain materials, such as silicon, the material’s electrons jump from the valence (outer) band to the conduction band, allowing them to flow freely through a circuit, thus generating electricity. Solar power is derived from a number of individual solar cells combined in solar panels, which can be further combined into solar arrays. For residential applications, a typical installation would consist of 10-20 panels, each consisting of about 40 cells (NREL 2012). The modularity and ability of solar cells to be combined allows for a wide range of potential applications, from only a few watts (powering a handheld device for example) all the way to utility-scale systems of several hundred megawatts. Solar panels can be installed at ground level, on rooftops, or integrated into building materials. They are most efficient when aimed directly at the sun (south- facing in Canada) and can be mounted on tracking systems that change their angle to follow the sun throughout the day, however these systems are more expensive. There are three main categories of solar cells, often referred to as first, second and third generation. First generation solar cells are made from single- crystalline or multi-crystalline silicon and are the most commercialized technology. They are also the most efficient. Second generation cells are called thin-film solar cells because they are made of layers of extremely thin semiconductor materials of various types, including amorphous silicon and cadmium- telluride. Thin-film solar cells are commercially available but less mature and less efficient than first generation cells. The benefits of second generation cells are the lower material costs due to a large reduction (as much as 99%) in the amount of material required by each cell, as well as their ability to be integrated into flexible and lightweight materials such as building facades (NREL 2012) (IRENAc 2012). Third generation solar cells are still in the demonstration/development phase and include several technologies such as concentrating PV, organic cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells.PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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