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Hydropower Run-of-river, Small-hydro, Pumped Storage, and Facility Upgrades Hydropower and pumped hydro storage systems are among the most mature power generation and storage technologies available. In fact, pumped hydro accounts for 99% of the world’s energy storage, and is the only commercially available large-scale storage option (Electric Power Research Institute 2010). Hydropower is generated when water flows through a turbine from a high reservoir to a lower reservoir. The water pressure (from running or falling water) forces the turbine to rotate, which generates power. Pumped hydro employs a turbine and a pump that can pump water from a low reservoir to a higher reservoir. As with all storage technologies, this system is economical when there is excess power generation (waste) or when off- peak, low-cost electricity (e.g. at night) can be used to pump water into storage for use during peak times, when electricity is more expensive. Hydropower systems generate greenhouse gas emissions during construction, but produce minimal emissions during operation, and have lifetimes up to 50 years (Electric Power Research Institute 2010). There is however a significant amount of design work and environmental impact studies required prior to construction of a hydropower plant, which can take several years to complete. There are two general types of hydropower plants: run-of river plants which divert natural river flow through a channel, and plants that store water behind a dam for later use. The size of hydropower plants varies widely, with micro-hydro plants of rated capacity less than 2 MW, small hydro between 2 and 50 MW, and larger plants up to thousands of megawatts (BC Hydro 2012). Run-of-River(ROR) Run-of-river is a specific type of hydropower plant that does not involve damming the flow of water, thus there is minimal reservoir storage. Run-of-river systems generate power by diverting a portion of the natural flow of a river through a turbine (Mott Mcdonald 2011). The electricity generation is thus completely dependent on the natural river flow and cannot be generated as needed, except to reduce power generation in the event of excess water flow. One advantage over other renewables however, is the high level of predictability in river flows. ROR projects are often considered more environmentally friendly than storage hydro systems because of their reduced environmental impacts. Flooding is not required to create a storage reservoir and the natural flow of rivers and streams is largely conserved (Clean Energy BC n.d.). A drawback is the lower efficiency since not all of the available water is utilized; storage systems can use up to 90% of the available water, while ROR typically utilizes closer to 50% (Mott Mcdonald 2011)PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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