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Generation Characteristics • Firm Power Supply: can operate as baseload, load-following or peaking supply • Most efficient power generation: can convert up to 90% of available energy to electricity (Government of Alberta 2012) • Sizing ranges from micro-hydro (<2 MW), to small-hydro (< 50 MW), to hydropower systems in the thousands of megawatts • Emissions: extremely low over complete life- cycle • Environmental concerns: fish and other aquatic life, vegetation, noise, construction emissions/damage, erosion, flooding, recreational impact etc. Small Storage Hydro BC Hydro considers hydropower plants with capacities between 2 and 50 MW “small-hydro” (BC Hydro 2012). These plants have dams that hold water in a reservoir, allowing them to store potential energy for later use. In this way, small hydro plants can provide baseload power to the electrical grid. Hydropower plants can also be paired with intermittent renewable resources on a load-following basis such that wind and solar operate as resources when available, and hydropower meets any residual power needs. What to look for in a hydropower site (BC Hydro 2004): • High flowrate • High head (vertical distance from intake to output) • Short penstock distance (length from intake to output) • Close proximity to grid • Site accessibility Pumped Hydro Schematic Pumped-Hydro Pumped hydro is particularly advantageous for the integration of intermittent renewables such as wind and solar because any excess electricity generation is used for pumped storage instead of being wasted, increasing the renewable penetration rate and adding firmness to the electrical grid. Pumped hydro plants can have efficiencies up to 85% (Electric Power Research Institute 2010). There are many pumped hydro facilities in operation around the world, the scale of which varies as it is only limited by the geography of the site. Facilities on the order or thousands of megawatts are possible and many plants over 1000 MW exist (Electric Power Research Institute 2010). IRENA suggests that pumped hydro is only cost-effective for large amounts of storage, greater than 100 MW, making pumped hydro projects improbable for remote communities (IRENA 2012c). Reservoirs can be sized to provide storage capacity ranging from several days to years (IRENA 2012d). Facility Upgrades Upgrades to existing hydropower plants can include increasing the size of a storage reservoir, adding generation capacity by upgrading or adding turbines, or increasing efficiency of transmission equipment, among others. The capital costs of hydropower upgrades can be as low as $500/kW and can significantly increase power output (IRENA 2012d).PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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