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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 partner with energy sources which are only available intermittently, contributing to significantly 2 mitigate climate change. 3 4.1 Introduction 4 Geothermal resources essentially consist of the thermal energy stored at depth within the earth in 5 both rock and trapped steam or liquid water. Exploitable geothermal systems occur in a number of 6 geological environments where the temperatures and depths of the reservoirs vary accordingly. 7 Many high-temperature (>180°C) hydrothermal systems are associated with recent volcanic activity 8 and are found near plate tectonic boundaries (subduction, rifting, spreading or transform faulting), 9 or at mantle hot spot anomalies. Intermediate (100-180°C) to low temperature (<100°C) systems are 10 also found in continental settings, formed by above-normal heat production through radioactive 11 isotope decay; they include aquifers charged by water heated through circulation along deeply 12 penetrating fault zones. However, there are several notable exceptions to these temperature-defined 13 categories, and under appropriate conditions, high, intermediate and low temperature geothermal 14 fields can be utilised for both power generation and the direct use of heat. 15 Geothermal systems can also be classified as convective, which includes liquid and vapour- 16 dominated hydrothermal, as well as lower temperature aquifers or conductive, which includes hot 17 rock and magma over a wide range of temperatures. Lower temperature aquifer systems contain 18 deeply circulating fluids in porous media or fracture zones, but lack a specific heat source. They are 19 further sub-divided into systems at hydrostatic pressure and systems at pressure higher than 20 hydrostatic (geo-pressured). Currently, the most widely exploited geothermal systems for power 21 generation are hydrothermal (of continental subtype). Table 4.1 summarizes all of these types. 22 Table 4.1. Type of geothermal resources, temperatures and uses. Temperature: H: High (>180°C), 23 I: Intermediate (100-180°C), L: Low (ambient to 100°C). EGS: Enhanced (or Engineered) 24 Geothermal Systems. GHP: Geothermal Heat Pumps. This is the challenge. This is the opportunity. [TSU: language] Type Subtype Continental Submarine H Shallow (<400 m) L Hot rock (EGS) H, I Magma bodies H Hydrostatic aquifers I & L Geo-pressured Natural fluids Temperature Range H, I & L Utilisation Current Potential Power, direct uses Hydrothermal Yes Conductive No Lower temperature Yes aquifers None Direct None Direct Direct Power, direct GHP Power, direct Power, direct Power, direct Power, direct 25 26 In areas of magmatic intrusions, temperatures above 1000°C can occur at less than 10 km depth. 27 Magma typically ex-solve mineralised fluids and gases, which then mix with deeply penetrating 28 groundwater. Heat energy is also transferred by conduction but in magmatic systems, convection is 29 also important. Typically, a hydrothermal convective system is established whereby local surface 30 heat-flow (through hot springs and steam vents) is significantly enhanced. Such shallow systems 31 can last hundreds of thousands of years, and the gradually cooling magmatic heat sources can be 32 replenished periodically with fresh intrusions from a deeper magma chamber. 33 Subsurface temperatures increase with depth according to the local geothermal gradient, and if hot 34 rocks within drillable depth can be stimulated to improve permeability, using hydraulic pressure, 35 chemical or thermal stimulation methods, they form a potential Enhanced or Engineered 36 Geothermal System (EGS) resource that can be used for power generation and/or direct 37 applications. EGS resources (including Hot Dry Rock: HDR) occur in any geothermal environment, 38 but are likely to be economic in the medium term in geological settings where the heat flow is high Do Not Cite or Quote 4 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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