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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 enough to permit exploitation at depths of less than 5 km. Experiments have investigated the 2 potential of such continental EGS settings in large areas of Europe, North America, Asia and 3 Australia. In the longer term, and given the average geothermal gradients (25-30°C/km), EGS 4 resources at relatively high temperature (≥180°C) may be exploitable in geological settings at 5 depths up to 7 km, which is well within the range of existing drilling technology for oil and gas 6 (~10 km depth). Stacked geothermal sub-types (plays) are common. Naturally fractured and water- 7 saturated hot rocks are EGS targets below high temperature (>180°C at >2.6 km) hot sedimentary 8 aquifer targets in the Australian Cooper Basin (Goldstein, 2010). 9 Direct uses of geothermal energy started at least since the Middle Palaeolithic when hot springs 10 were used for ritual or routine bath (Cataldi, 1999), but industrial utilisation begun in Italy by 11 exploiting boric acid from the geothermal zone of Larderello, where in 1904 the first kilowatts of 12 electric energy were generated and in 1913 the first 250-kWe commercial geothermal power unit 13 was installed (Burgassi, 1999). 14 For the last 100 years, at many places geothermal energy has provided safe, reliable, 15 environmentally sustainable, renewable energy in the form of electric power and direct heating 16 services on both large and small scales. Geothermal typically provides base-load generation, but it 17 can be dispatched and used for meeting peak demand. Today, geothermal represents a viable energy 18 resource in many industrial and developing countries using a mature technology to access and 19 extract naturally heated steam or hot water from natural hydrothermal reservoirs, and it has the 20 potential to make a more significant contribution on a global scale through the development of 21 advanced technology such as EGS that would enable energy recovery from a much larger fraction 22 of the accessible stored thermal energy in the earth’s crust. In addition, geothermal (ground-source) 23 heat pumps that can be utilized anywhere in the world for heating and cooling, have had significant 24 growth in the past 10 years and are expected to provide energy savings in most countries of the 25 world. 26 Today’s hydrothermal technologies have demonstrated very high average capacity factors (up to 27 90%) in electric power generation with low carbon emissions. Environmental and social impacts do 28 exist with respect to land and water use and seismic risk, but these are site and technology specific 29 and largely manageable. New opportunities exist to develop geothermal beyond power generation, 30 particularly to use geothermal heat for district and process heating, along with geothermal heat 31 pumps for space heating and cooling. 32 This chapter includes a brief description of the worldwide potential of geothermal resources (4.2), 33 the current technology and applications (4.3) and the expected technological developments (4.6), 34 the present market status (4.4) and its probable future evolution (4.8), the geothermal environmental 35 and social impacts (4.5) and the cost trends (4.7) in using geothermal energy to contribute to reduce 36 GHG emissions and mitigate climate change. As presented in this chapter, climate change has no 37 major impacts on geothermal energy, but the widespread development of geothermal energy could 38 considerably reduce the future emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and play a 39 significant role in reducing anthropogenic effects on climate change. 40 4.2 Resource potential 41 4.2.1 Global technical resource potential 42 The global technical geothermal potential was estimated at 50 EJ according to Table 4.7, chapter 4 43 (Energy Supply) of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). This is now considered a 44 conservative estimate. Also, in Table 4.2 of the same AR4, it was estimated an available energy 45 resource for geothermal (including potential reserves) of 5000 EJ/year (Sims et al., 2007). Do Not Cite or Quote 5 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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