PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 011
First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 Good examples of sustainable uses of high- and low-temperature geothermal fields are given in 2 recent international sustainability workshop proceedings (Axelsson and Bromley, 2008). 3 Since geothermal resources are located underground or undersea, they are not dependent on climate 4 conditions. Therefore, climate change is not expected to have any relevant impact on the resource 5 potential from a worldwide nor a regional perspective. However, the GHP efficiency could be 6 affected by changes in surface temperature, and a future scarcity of water may force geothermal 7 power plants to switch to air-cooled systems. 8 4.3 Technology and applications (electricity, heating, cooling) 9 4.3.1 Geothermal energy utilisation 10 Geothermal energy is used in two ways – as a heat supply for conversion to electricity and for direct 11 heating or cooling without conversion. Geothermal resources can be divided into three main 12 groups, depending on temperature and their relation to magmatic activity: 13 a) High-temperature (>180°C). These systems are mostly related to geologically recent volcanism 14 and are mainly used for conventional power production. Some non-volcanic, high temperature areas 15 are being appraised for power production from EGS. 16 b) Intermediate temperature (100°C-180°C). These are found all over the world in deep sedimentary 17 basins, in hot rocks below sedimentary basins and in areas indirectly related to volcanism or 18 tectonic fracturing and are often used for combined heat and power applications. 19 c) Low temperature (ambient to 100°C). These systems typically have little direct relation to 20 volcanism, and are used mainly for direct heat and heat pump applications. 21 Energy is extracted from reservoir fluids by discharging various mixtures of hot water and steam 22 through production wells. In high temperature reservoirs, as pressure drops, the water component 23 boils or “flashes”. Separated steam is piped to a turbine to generate electricity and the remaining hot 24 water may be flashed again two or three times at progressively lower pressures (and temperatures) 25 to obtain more steam. The remaining brine is usually sent back to the reservoir through injection 26 wells. Some reservoirs produce “dry” steam, which can be sent directly to the turbine. In these 27 cases, control of steam flow to meet power demand fluctuations is easier than in the case of two- 28 phase production, where continuous upflow in the well-bore is required to avoid gravity collapse of 29 the water phase. In addition many reservoirs are utilised by extracting heat from thermal water of a 30 producer well and generating power in a binary cycle. The cooled water is re-injected into the 31 reservoir after passing the heat exchanger. 32 Geothermal technologies belong to category 1 (technologically mature with established markets in 33 at least several countries) according to the 2004 Renewables Conference held in Bonn. Key 34 technologies for exploration and drilling, reservoir management and stimulation and energy 35 recovery and conversion are described below. 36 4.3.2 Exploration and drilling 37 Since geothermal resources are underground, some exploration activities (including geological, 38 geochemical and geophysical surveys) have to be developed to locate and assess them. The 39 objectives of geothermal exploration activities are to identify and rank prospective geothermal 40 reservoirs prior to drilling, and to provide methods of characterising reservoirs that enable 41 estimations of geothermal reservoir performance and lifetime. The major focus is the underground 42 temperature distribution and the Earth’s stress field in order to identify potential fluid bearing 43 structures. Exploration of a prospective geothermal reservoir involves estimating its lateral extent 44 and depth with geophysical methods, such as seismic, magneto-telluric and resistivity surveys, and Do Not Cite or Quote 10 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
PDF Search Title:
Chapter 4 Geothermal EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
SRREN_FOD_Ch04.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)