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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 Binary cycle plants of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) type (see Figure 4.3) typically utilise lower 2 temperature geothermal fluids (about 70 to 170°C) than conventional flash and dry steam plants 3 (from about 150°C to over 300°C). They are more complex since the geothermal fluid (water, steam 4 or both) passes a heat exchanger heating another “working” fluid such as isopentane or isobutane 5 with a low boiling point, which vaporizes and drives a turbine. The working fluid can then be air- 6 cooled or condensed with water. Binary plants are often constructed as linked modular units of a 7 few MWe in capacity. 8 Combined or hybrid plants comprise two or more of the above basic types to improve versatility, 9 increase overall thermal efficiency, improve load-following capability, and efficiently cover a wide 10 (200-260°C) resource temperature range. 11 Cogeneration (Co-gen) plants, or Combined or Cascaded Heat and Power plants (CHP), produce 12 both electricity and hot water for district heating or direct use at significantly higher utilisation 13 efficiency than can be achieved for just generating electricity or supplying heat. Relatively small 14 industries and communities of a few thousand people provide sufficient markets for combined heat 15 and power applications. Iceland has two geothermal cogeneration plants with a combined capacity 16 of 300 MWt in operation; the distance of the plants to the towns ranges from 12 to 25 km, over 17 which cooling losses using large insulated pipes and high flow-rates, are negligible. At the Oregon 18 Institute of Technology (OIT) with 3000 students, faculty and staff a CHP provides most of the 19 electricity needs and all the heat demand (Lund and Boyd, 2009). Combined heat and power using 20 low temperature geothermal resources have also been developed in Germany and Austria. 21 22 Figure 4.2. Schematic diagram of a geothermal condensing steam power plant. [TSU: Please add 23 source.] Do Not Cite or Quote 12 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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