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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 2 Figure 4.3. Schematic diagram of a geothermal binary cycle power plant. [TSU: Please add 3 source.] 4 4.3.5 Technologies needed for EGS development 5 The principle of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is as follows: in the subsurface where 6 temperatures are high enough for effective utilisation, a fracture network is created or enlarged to 7 act as new fluid pathways. Water is passed through this deep reservoir using injection and 8 production wells, and heat is extracted from the circulating water at the surface. The extracted heat 9 can be used for district heating and/or for power generation. 10 EGS projects are currently at a demonstration and experimental stage. The key technical and 11 economic challenges for EGS over the next two decades will be to achieve efficient and reliable 12 stimulation of multiple reservoirs with sufficient volumes to sustain long term production, with low 13 flow impedance, limited short-circuiting fractures, and manageable water loss (Tester et al., 2006). 14 Conforming research priorities for EGS and magmatic resources as determined in Australia (DRET, 15 2008), the USA (DOE, 2008), the EU (ENGINE, 2008) and the International Partnership for 16 Geothermal Technologies (IPGT, 2008) are summarised in Table 4.3. Successful deployment of the 17 associated services and equipment will be also relevant to many conventional geothermal projects. 18 Table 4.3. Priorities for geothermal research –focusing on potential of magmatic and EGS 19 resources. (Adapted from Goldstein et al., 2008). HTHP: high temperature and high pressure. Complementary research & share knowledge Standard geothermal resource & reserve definitions Predictive reservoir performance modelling Predictive stress field characterisation Mitigate induced seismicity / subsidence Condensers for high ambient-surface temperatures Use of CO2 as a working fluid for heat exchangers Improve power plant design Technologies & methods to minimise water use Predict heat flow and reservoirs ahead of the bit Education / training Improved HTHP hard rock drill equipment Improved HTHP multiple zone isolation Reliable HTHP slim-hole submersible pumps Improve resilience of casings to HTHP corrosion Optimum HTHP fracture stimulation methods HTHP logging tools and monitoring sensors HTHP flow survey tools HTHP fluid flow tracers Mitigation of formation damage, scale and corrosion 20 4.3.6 Technology for submarine geothermal generation 21 Offshore, there are some 67,000 km of mid-ocean ridges, of which 13,000 km have been studied, 22 and more than 280 sites with submarine geothermal vents have been discovered (Hiriart et al., Do Not Cite or Quote 13 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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