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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 2010). Some discharge thermal energy of up to 60 MWt (Lupton, 1995) but there is others, such as 2 ‘Rainbow’, with an estimated output of 5 GWt (German et al., 1996). The abundance of submarine 3 hydrothermal systems indicates that technology for their future exploitation should be investigated 4 further, providing such projects could become economically feasible. 5 In theory, electric energy could be produced directly from a hydrothermal vent (without drilling) 6 using an encapsulated plant, like a submarine, containing an ORC binary plant, as described by 7 Hiriart and Espíndola (2005). An external coiled heat exchanger could be placed over the top of the 8 hot water vent at one end, while at the other end another coiled heat exchanger with hyperbolic 9 cooling tower could be installed in the cold water of the surrounding sea. The operation would be 10 similar to other binary cycle power plants using evaporator and condenser heat exchangers. This 11 cycle has an internal efficiency of the order of 80%, resulting from losses of the turbine, pumps and 12 generator (Hiriart et al., 2010). Overall efficiency for a submarine vent of 4% (electrical power 13 generated / thermal power) is a reasonable estimate for such an installation (Hernández, 2008). 14 Other critical challenges for these resources include the distance from shore and off-to-onshore 15 grid-connection costs and the potential impact on unique marine life around hydrothermal vents. 16 4.3.7 Direct use 17 Direct use provides heating and cooling for buildings including district heating, fish ponds, 18 greenhouses and swimming pools, and industrial and process heat for agricultural products and 19 mineral drying. In addition, ambient temperature shallow ground and groundwater are used for 20 space heating and cooling with geothermal heat pumps. 21 For space heating, closed loop (double pipe) systems are commonly used. In this case, heat 22 exchangers are utilised to transfer heat from the geothermal water to a closed loop that circulates 23 heated freshwater through the radiators. This is often needed because of the chemical composition 24 of the geothermal water. The spent water is disposed of into re-injection wells. Closed loop systems 25 are more flexible than open loop systems, but in both cases a fossil fuel backup boiler (as shown in 26 Figure 4.4) may be provided to meet peak demand, to reduce the overall investment, and to 27 conserve the geothermal resource. 28 In Iceland, the geothermal water is piped up to 25 km from the geothermal fields to the towns. 29 Transmission pipelines are mostly of steel insulated by rock wool (surface pipes) or polyurethane 30 (subsurface). However, several small villages and farming communities have successfully used 31 plastic pipes (polybutylene), with polyurethane insulation, as transmission pipes. The temperature 32 drop is insignificant in large diameter pipes with a high flow rate. 85° Closed loop – double pipe system 33 34 Figure 4.4. Two main types of district heating systems (Dickson and Fanelli, 2003). G=gas 35 separator, P=pump, B=backup boiler, R=radiation heating, HX=heat exchanger. Do Not Cite or Quote 14 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09 O O p pe en nl lo oo op p– –s si i n ng gl l e ep pi ip pe e s sy ys st te e m mPDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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