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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 4.3.8 Geothermal heat pumps 2 Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHP) are one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy in 3 the world today (Rybach, 2005). This form of direct use of geothermal energy is based on the 4 relatively constant ground or groundwater temperature in the range of 4°C to 30°C available 5 anywhere, to provide space heating, cooling and domestic hot water for all types of buildings. 6 Extracting energy cools the ground, which creates temperature gradients, enhancing recharge. 7 There are two main types of geothermal heat pumps (Figure 4.5, modified from Lund et al., 2003). 8 In ground-coupled systems a closed loop of plastic pipe is placed in the ground, either horizontally 9 at 1-2 m depth or vertically in a borehole down to 50-250 m depth. A water-antifreeze solution is 10 circulated through the pipe. Thus heat is collected from the ground in the winter and optionally heat 11 is rejected to the ground in the summer. An open loop system uses groundwater or lake water 12 directly as a heat source in a heat exchanger and then discharges it into another well or to surface. 13 In essence heat pumps are nothing more than refrigeration units that are reversed. In the heating 14 mode the efficiency is described by the coefficient of performance (COP) which is the heat output 15 divided by the electrical energy input. Typically this value lies between 3 and 4 (Rybach, 2005). 16 17 Figure 4.5. Closed loop and open loop heat pump systems. Green arrow indicates the most 18 common system, with borehole heat exchangers (BHE). The heat pump is shown in red. [TSU: 19 Please add source.] 20 4.4 Global and regional status of market and industry development 21 The geothermal industry has a wide range of participants, including major energy companies, 22 private and public utilities, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, field developers and drilling 23 companies. Current industrial participants can be found by searching the 24 GRC, and other national websites featuring energy attributes . For 25 convenience, the global geothermal market can be subdivided into conventional resource 26 development for electricity, non-conventional development (EGS), and direct heat utilisation. IGA, IEA-GIA, GEA, [TSU: websites as footnotes?] Do Not Cite or Quote 15 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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