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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 Conventional geothermal resources currently used to produce electricity are of high-temperature 2 (>180°C), utilised through steam turbines (condensing or back-pressure, flash or dry-steam), and of 3 low-intermediate temperature (<180°C) used by binary-cycle power plants. Electricity has been 4 generated commercially by geothermal steam since 1904 (Figure 4.7). 5 6 Figure 4.7. Historic development of geothermal installed capacity (power and direct uses) 7 worldwide. For direct uses there are no reliable data before 1975. [TSU: Please add source.] 8 The US is currently the world’s top geothermal market. The US geothermal resurgence is due to 9 increased RE penetration in the US power generation market. State Renewable Portfolio Standards 10 (RPS) demand and the Federal Production Tax Credit (PTC), increased natural gas price 11 fluctuation, and a rapid acceleration of pushback against the permitting of new coal-fired power 12 plants have all opened a clear market opportunity for geothermal growth (Stephure, 2009). US 13 geothermal activity is concentrated in a few western states, which are home to vast reserves of US 14 hydrothermal resources, particularly in California and Nevada, but only a small fraction of the 15 geothermal potential has been developed so far. By September 2009, an industry advocacy group, 16 the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) had identified around 132 new geothermal-electric 17 projects in different stages of development in the US. These projects represented between 4249 and 18 6443 MWe of new geothermal power plant capacity under development in 14 states of the country 19 (Jennejohn, 2009). 20 Outside of the US, over 29% of the global installed geothermal capacity resides in the Philippines 21 and Indonesia (Fig. 4.8). Indonesia is expected to evolve as the larger geothermal growth market in 22 the longer term due to its better resource potential and growing power appetite (Stephure, 2009). 23 Outside of the US and Southeast Asia, the markets of Japan, Iceland, Italy, and Mexico account for 24 over global installed geothermal capacity. 25 Although these markets have seen relatively limited growth over the past few years, greater urgency 26 to advance low-carbon base-load power generation is helping re-start new capacity growth in these 27 markets. Moreover, attention is turning to new markets like Chile, Germany, Australia, and East 28 Africa, and other not so new as Turkey, Nicaragua and Russia (Fig. 4.8). 29 The majority of existing geothermal assets are owned by large incumbent state-owned utilities and 30 large Independent Power Producers (IPP). Currently, more than 30 companies globally have an 31 ownership stake in at least one geothermal deployed project. Altogether the top 20 owners of 32 geothermal capacity control roughly 90% of the entire installed global market. Do Not Cite or Quote 17 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0 World War II Power (MWe) Direct uses (MWt) 65 percent of remaining [TSU: % of remaining unclear] 1904 1913 1923 1930 1943 1944 1950 1960 1963 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Installed capacityPDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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