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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 The US in its recent clean energy initiatives has included significant EGS research, development, 2 and demonstration components as part of a revived national geothermal program. 3 4 5 6 7 4.4.3 Status of direct uses of geothermal resources 8 Direct heat supply temperatures are typically close to actual process temperatures in district heating 9 systems which range from approximately 60 to 120°C. As a result, only a small degradation of the 10 thermodynamic quality of the geothermal heat occurs. The main types (and relative percentages) of 11 direct applications are: space heating of buildings (52%, of which 32% [TSU: percentage points?] is 12 from heat pumps), bathing and balneology (30%), horticulture (greenhouses and soil heating) (8%), 13 industrial process heat (4%), aquaculture (fish farming) (4%) and snow melting (1%) (Lund et al., 14 2009 [TSU: list of references contains two publications of Lund et al., 2009]). 15 Heating of building spaces, including district heating schemes, is among the most important direct 16 applications. When the resource temperature is too low for direct use, it is possible to use a 17 geothermal heat pump (GHP). Also space cooling can be provided by geothermal resources, and 18 GHP devices can heat and cool with the same equipment. 19 Bathing, swimming and balneology utilizing geothermal water have a long history and are globally 20 wide-spread. In addition to the thermal energy the chemicals dissolved in the geothermal fluid are 21 also important for treating various skin diseases. 22 Geothermally heated greenhouses allow cultivation of flowers and vegetables in colder climates 23 where commercial greenhouses would not normally be economical. Heating soil in outdoor 24 agricultural fields has also been applied at several places such as Iceland and Greece. 25 A variety of industrial processes utilise heat applications, including drying of forest products, food, 26 and minerals industries as in the United States, Iceland and New Zealand. Other applications are 27 process heating, evaporation, distillation, sterilisation, washing, CO2 and salt extraction. 28 Aquaculture using geothermal heat allows better control of pond temperatures, which is of great 29 importance for optimal growth. Tilapia, salmon and trout are the most common fish raised, but 30 unusual species such as tropical fish, lobsters, shrimp or prawns, and alligators are also reported. 31 Snow melting or de-icing by using low temperature geothermal water is applied in some colder 32 climate countries. City streets, sidewalks, and parking lots are equipped with buried piping systems 33 carrying hot geothermal water. In some cases, this is return water from geothermal district heating 34 systems as in Iceland, Japan and the United States. 35 The world installed capacity of geothermal direct use is currently estimated to be [by Although EGS power plants, once operational, can be expected to have great environmental benefits, their potential future impact and environmental benefits such as avoiding additional CO2 emissions, cannot yet be satisfactorily quantified. [TSU: Relation to market and industry development?] 36 37 38 than half ( 39 (GHP) operating in more than 30 countries (IEA-GIA AP, 2008). GHP represents one of the more 40 expanding markets of renewable energy in the world, and due to its rapidly growing development, 41 statistical data can provide only snapshots of the current situation (Data for 2005; to be updated by AUTHORS] AUTHORS] (Fig. 4.1), with a total thermal energy usage of about [by (Lund et al., 2005). Out of that total, geothermal heat pumps (GHP) contributed more , with approximately 1.6 million geothermal heat pumps 28.6 GWt 72.6 TWh/y (0.261 EJ/y) 15.7 GWt) [by AUTHORS] 2009 later) [by AUTHORS] 42 . Do Not Cite or Quote 19 of 47 Chapter 4 22-Dec-09 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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