PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 022
First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) P4 (Regulations and rules impeding RE) [TSU: see above] 1 2 in a country is linked to government policies and initiatives. It would be recommendable these 3 policies take into account that geothermal energy is independent of weather conditions and has an 4 inherent storage capability which makes it especially suitable for supplying base-load power in an 5 economical way, and it can thus serve as a partner with energy sources which are only available 6 intermittently. Another important policy consideration is the opportunity to subsidize the price of 7 geothermal kWh (both power and direct heating and cooling) through the mechanism of direct or 8 indirect CO2 emission taxes. A funding mechanism that subsidizes the commercial upfront 9 exploration costs, including the higher-risk initial drilling costs, would also be useful. In this regard, 10 a tax write-off provision for unsuccessful exploration drilling costs can, and has been, a useful 11 incentive. Government can also increase investors certainty for market access by moulding rules to 12 foster fast and affordable connection of RE to power grids. Many countries are yet to reform market 13 rules (public benefit tests) for electricity markets in alignment with mandated trajectories for 14 increased use of renewable energy and emissions reductions. Government legislation, regulations, 15 policies and programs that target increased use of RE and lower greenhouse gas emissions will 16 generally provide support to the increased use of geothermal resources. 17 4.5 Environmental and social impacts 18 One of the strongest arguments for the development of geothermal resources worldwide is their 19 positive attributes and limited environmental impacts. Sound practices protect and enhance natural 20 thermal features that are valued by the community, minimise any adverse effects from disposal of 21 geothermal fluids and gases, deal with possible induced seismicity and ground subsidence, optimize 22 water and land use, and improve long-term sustainability of geothermal production for generations 23 to come. The following sub-sections address these issues in more detail. 24 4.5.1 CO2 and other gas and liquid emissions while operating geothermal plants 25 [TSU: references missing.] 26 Geothermal systems are natural phenomena, and typically discharge gases mixed with steam from 27 surface features such as fumaroles, and minerals mixed with water from hot springs. Apart from 28 CO2, geothermal fluids can, depending on the site, contain a variety of other gases, such as 29 hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, and smaller proportions of ammonia, mercury, radon and boron. 30 Sometimes very small amounts of methane are present, but in geothermal applications its effect is 31 negligible relative to CO2. The amounts depend on the geological and hydrological conditions of 32 different geothermal fields. 33 Measured direct CO2 emission from the operation of conventional power plants in high- 34 temperature hydrothermal fields is widely variable, from 0 to 740 g/kWhe, but averages about 120 35 g/kWhe (weighted average of 85% of the world power plant capacity, according to Bertani and 36 Thain, 2002, and Bloomfield et al., 2003). The gases are often extracted from a steam turbine 37 condenser or two-phase heat exchanger and released through a cooling tower. CO2, on average, 38 constitutes 90% of these non-condensable gases (Bertani and Thain, 2002). Of the remaining gases, 39 hydrogen sulphide is usually not sufficiently concentrated to be harmful after venting to the 40 atmosphere and dispersal. Despite this, removal of hydrogen sulphide released from geothermal 41 power plants is a requirement in the US, Italy and Mexico. Elsewhere, H2S monitoring is often used 42 to provide assurance that concentrations after venting and atmospheric dispersal are not harmful. 43 Direct CO2 emission from low-temperature (<100°C) geothermal fluid is negligible or in the order 44 of 0-1 g/kWhe depending on the carbonate content of the water. When extracted geothermal fluid is 45 passed through a heat exchanger and then completely re-injected (such as in a closed-loop pumped 46 EGS system, among others), CO2 emissions are nil to negligible. Geothermal heat pumps also Do Not Cite or Quote 21 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09 . The success of geothermal developmentPDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
PDF Search Title:
Chapter 4 Geothermal EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
SRREN_FOD_Ch04.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)