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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 Table 4.5. Environmental impact indicators for a reference electricity mix and for typical 2 geothermal binary power plants (Prepared with data from Frick et al., 2009). LCA indicator Finite energy resources CO2-equivalent SO2-equivalent PO4-equivalent Reference electricity mix 8.9 MJ/kWh 566 g/kWh 1.083 g/kWh 60 mg/kWh Binary geothermal plants (1.75 MWe) 0.35-0.96 MJ/kWh 23-66 g/kWh 0.183-0.517 g/kWh 24-70 mg/kWh 3 The breakdown of the reference mix is: 26% lignite coal, 26% nuclear power, 24% hard coal, 12% 4 natural gas, 4% hydropower, 4% wind power, 1% crude oil, 3% other fuels. [TSU: SO2: sulphur 5 dioxide, PO4: phosphate.] 6 For typical geothermal binary power plants, the power related SO2-equivalent is between 17 to 54% 7 and the power related PO4-equivalent between 40 to 117% regarding the environmental impacts of 8 the electricity mix. The lower values thereby refer to the plants providing power and heat. At a site 9 with above-average geological conditions, SO2- and PO4-equivalent are at least reduced to below 10 22% of the electricity mix impacts. In general terms, geothermal power plants can be rated as 11 environmentally benign based on that comparison. 12 Regarding geothermal direct uses, Kaltschmitt (2000) published figures of 4-16 tonnes CO2- 13 equivalent /TJ for low-temperature district heating systems, and data for heat pumps of 50-56 14 tonnes CO2-equivalent/TJ based on life cycle assessments. 15 The life cycle of geothermal intermediate to low temperature developments is characterised by large 16 initial material and energy inputs due to the construction of the wells, power plant, and pipelines, 17 which need to be optimised to maximize net-energy output and minimize emissions. For hybrid 18 electricity/district heating applications, the more heat can be used directly the better the 19 environmental benefits. 20 The main conclusion of those LCA is that the use of geothermal energy for the provision of 21 electricity and heat using intermediate and low temperature geothermal resources is 22 environmentally advantageous. The net energy supplied more than offsets the environmental 23 impacts of human, energy and material inputs. 24 4.5.3 Potential hazards of induced micro-seismicity and others Local hazards arising from natural phenomena, such as micro-earthquakes, hydrothermal steam eruptions or ground subsidence may be influenced by the operation of a geothermal field, to the extent that pressure or temperature changes induced by stimulation, production or re-injection of fluids can lead to geo-mechanical stress changes and these can then affect the subsequent rate of occurrence of these natural phenomena. [TSU: length of sentence] 25 26 27 28 29 30 needed to help avoid or mitigate these hazards. A geological risk assessment is 31 With respect to induced seismicity, detectable events by humans from felt ground vibrations or 32 noise have been an environmental and social issue associated with some EGS demonstration 33 projects, particularly in heavily populated areas (e.g. Soultz in France, Basel in Switzerland and 34 Landau in Germany). The EU-project GEISER (Geothermal Engineering Integrating Mitigation of 35 Induced Seismicity in Reservoirs) recently started in order to better understand and mitigate 36 induced seismicity hazards in the development of geothermal reservoirs (GEISER, 2010). Such 37 events have not lead to human injury or major property damage, but routine seismic monitoring is 38 used as a diagnostic tool and management and protocols have been prepared to measure, monitor, 39 and manage systems pro-actively as well as to inform the public of any hazards (Majer et al., 2008). Do Not Cite or Quote 23 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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