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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 lead to a permanent employment for many. Leading geothermal companies and government 2 agencies have approached this social issue by improving local security, building roads, schools, 3 medical facilities and other community assets, which are in some cases funded by contributions 4 from profits obtained from operating the power plant. In some dry climate settings (e.g. Kenya) free 5 water is provided, in others (e.g. Philippines) free electricity for local residents. Loan funds may be 6 established to help small local businesses. 7 4.5.5 Land use 8 Environmental impact assessments for geothermal developments consider a range of land and water 9 use impacts during both construction and operation phases that are common to most energy projects 10 (e.g. noise, vibration, dust, visual impacts, surface and ground water impacts, ecosystems, 11 biodiversity) as well as specific geothermal impacts (e.g. effects on outstanding natural features 12 such as springs, geysers and fumaroles). 13 Land use issues in many settings (e.g. Japan, the US and New Zealand) can be a serious impediment 14 to further expansion of geothermal development. National Parks, for example, have often been 15 established in remote volcanic tourist areas where new geothermal prospects also exist. This creates 16 a conflict for obtaining permits to undertake drilling and development activities, and even for access 17 to subsurface resources by directional drilling from outside such parks. Despite good examples of 18 unobtrusive, scenically-landscaped developments (e.g. Matsukawa, Japan), and integrated 19 tourism/energy developments (e.g. Wairakei, New Zealand and Blue Lagoon, Iceland), land use 20 issues still seriously constrain new development options in some countries. 21 Another measure of optimum land use that is relevant in some settings is the ‘footprint’ occupied by 22 geothermal installations. Taking into account surface installations (drilling pads, roads, pipelines, 23 fluid separators and power-stations), the typical footprint for conventional geothermal is about 900 24 m2/GWh/year (for 30 years), or 160 m2/GWh/year excluding wells (Table 4.6). According to Kagel 25 et al. (2005) and Tester et al. (2006), low-temperature geothermal plants are related to a land use 26 between 1400 to 2300 m2/MWe or a cumulative basis between 150 and 300 m2/GWh per year 27 (Table 4.6). The subsurface resource that is accessed by directional or vertical geothermal boreholes 28 typically occupies an area equivalent to about 10 MWe/km2 (Sanyal, 2005). Therefore, about 95% 29 of the land above a typical geothermal resource is not needed for surface installations, and can be 30 used for other purposes (e.g., farming and forestry at Mokai and Rotokawa in New Zealand, and a 31 game reserve at Olkaria, Kenya). 32 Table 4.6. Comparison of land requirements for typical geothermal power generation options. Type of power plant Land Use m2/MWe m2/GWh/year 160 900 290 170 110-MWe geothermal flash plants (excluding wells) 1260 56-MWe geothermal flash plant (including wells (2), pipes, etc.) 7460 49-MWe geothermal FC-RC plant (1) (excluding wells) 2290 20-MWe geothermal binary plant (excluding wells) 1415 33 34 4.6 35 4.6.1 FC: Flash cycle, RC: Rankine cycle. Reference? Notes (1) and (2)? [by AUTHORS] Prospects for technology improvement, innovation, and integration Technological and process challenges 36 Successful development and deployment of geothermal technologies will mean significantly higher 37 energy recovery, longer field lifetimes and much more widespread availability of geothermal 38 energy. Achieving that success will require sustained support and investment into technology 39 development from governments and private sectors for the next 10 to 20 years. Do Not Cite or Quote 25 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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