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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 United States or Europe, and obviously the heating loads would be higher for more northern 2 climates such as Iceland, Scandinavia and Russia. Most figures are based on cost in the United 3 States (expressed in 2005 US$), but would be similar in developed countries and lower in 4 developing countries (Lund and Bertani, 2009). 5 Individual space heating for buildings, depending upon the well depth and temperature of the 6 resource would vary from US$ 9,370 to 23,450 for a 200 m2 building. With a load factor of 0.30, 7 the capital cost would be 1,595 to 3,940 US$/kWt (Fig. 4.13). 8 9 Figure 4.13. Current capital costs in 2005 US dollars per thermal kilowatt for several direct 10 geothermal applications. [TSU: Please add source.] 11 *Costs for residential Geothermal Heat Pumps do not include the drilling cost. 12 [TSU: Use of level 4 subheadings for different direct use applications?] 13 District heating may be provided in the form of either steam or hot water and may be utilised to 14 meet process, space or domestic hot water requirements. The heat is distributed through a network 15 of insulated pipes consisting of delivery and return mains. Thermal load density (heating load per 16 unit of land areas) is critical to the feasibility of district heating because it is one of the major 17 determinants of the distribution network capital and operating costs. Thus, downtown, high rise 18 buildings are better candidates than single family residential area. Generally a thermal load density 19 about 1.2 x 109 J/hr/ha is recommended. Often fossil fuel peaking is used to meet the coldest period, 20 rather than drilling additional wells or pumping more fluids, as geothermal can usually meet 50% of 21 the load 80 to 90% of the time, thus improving the efficiency and economics of the system 22 (Bloomquist et al., 1987). 23 A large district heating project in Germany (Reif, 2008), with a well drilled to 3,200 m to provide a 24 capacity of 35 MWt and 66 GWh of heat to customers, costs 1,566 US$/kWt. This cost can be 25 broken down into: 26 27 . A smaller example in Elko, Nevada, 28 US, built in 1989 with a capacity of 3.8 MWt providing 6.5 GWh/year of heat to customers, costs 29 1,238 US$/kWt. The breakdown of costs was: 30 31 . The geothermal station 32 Mszczonow (1.2 MWt), Poland, for space heating, costs the equivalent of 2,578 US$/kWt (Balcer, Do Not Cite or Quote 35 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Average 23% drilling, 2% pumps and accessories, 5% geothermal station and equipment, 2% peak-load heating plant (fossil fuel), 42% distribution network, 14% service connection, 12% heat-transfer stations, and 1% land [TSU: ordering by size] 15% resource assessment, 15% drilling of production well (disposal is to a local river), 29% distribution system, 26% retrofitting customer heating systems, and 15% contract services and materials [TSU: ordering by size] US$/kWtPDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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