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First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) 1 2000). Between 30 and 35% of natural gas consumption was saved when the geothermal installation 2 was set in operation, and three conventional gas and coal boilers were stopped. The Klaipeda 3 geothermal heating station (35 MWt), Lithuania, started to operate in 2005, with heat production of 4 to produce warm water (70-80°С) for district heating. Total capital costs 5 were equivalent to 571 US$/kWt (Radeckas and Lukosevicius, 2000). Based on these examples, 6 total district heating installed costs average 1,488 US$/kWt (Fig. 4.13). 7 Greenhouses of 2.0 ha size (minimum for a commercial operation) would cost around US$ 281,000, 8 which includes two production wells, one injection well, piping and heat exchanger in addition to 9 the cost of the greenhouse itself of around US$ 2.81 million. With a load factor of 0.50 the annual 10 heating load would be 88 . Annual pumping cost and other O&M would be around 11 0.02 US$/kWh. The annual savings compared to conventional fuel would be approximately US$ 12 0.94 million. 13 Aquaculture ponds and tanks have similar costs, yet vary depending upon if the facilities are under 14 cover, such as in a greenhouse, or outdoors. Typical pond constructs will cost 0.47 US$/m2, thus a 15 commercial operation of 10 to 15 ponds covering 2.0 ha would then cost approximately US$ 9,400. 16 The capital costs of three production wells, two injection wells, piping and heat exchanger would be 17 around US$ 375,000. With a load factor of 0.60, the annual heating requirement would be 263 x 18 109 J [TSU: 28.667 kJ]. Pumping costs and other O&M for the geothermal system would be around 19 0.03 US$/kWh. The annual savings in heating cost compared to conventional fuels would be 20 approximately US$ 2.81 million less O&M, resulting in a simple payback of around a year. 21 Covered ponds and tanks would have higher capital cost, but lower heating requirements. 22 Industrial applications are more difficult to quantify, as they vary widely depending upon the 23 energy requirements and the product to be produced. These plants normally require higher 24 temperatures and often compete with power plant use; however, they do have a high load factor of 25 0.40 to 0.70, which improves the economics. Industrial applications vary from large food, timber 26 and mineral drying plants (US and New Zealand) to pulp and paper plant (New Zealand). As an 27 example, a large onion dehydration plant in the US (Nevada) uses 210 to 28 drying 4,500 kg/hour of wet onions over a 250 day period. This plant cost US$ 12.5 million with 29 the geothermal system, including wells adding US$ 3.37 million. The annual operation cost is US$ 30 5.63 million and annual energy savings of US$ 1.5 million. With annual sales of US% 5.63 million, 31 a positive cash flow is realised in about two years (Lund, 1995). 32 Geothermal (ground-source) heat pump project costs can vary between residential installation and 33 commercial/institutional installations, as the larger the building to be heated and/or cooled, the 34 lower the unit (US$/kWt) investment and operating costs. In addition, the type of installation, 35 closed loop (horizontal or vertical) or open loop using ground water, have a large influence on the 36 installed cost. 37 Closed loop systems would cost around 1,400 US$/kWt, whereas open loop systems would be 38 around 938 US$/kWt (without the cost of the well). The highest cost for a vertical closed loop 39 system is drilling the holes of 150 to 300 m deep, running 28 to 47 US$/m. Actual heat pumps unit 40 will be around US$ 2,800. 41 Commercial and institutional buildings installations are more efficient and thus cost less. 42 Installations of several hundred bore holes for vertical loops are not uncommon and can easily be 43 placed under parking lots, or even under the building itself in piles or caissons as is done in 44 Switzerland. The installed cost can vary over a wide range. Experience in the US for the total cost 45 of the mechanical, electrical and geothermal system is as high as 3,751 US$/kWt, but can be as low 46 as 938 US$/kWt. Operation cost, which is mainly due to the electricity input to the compressor, is 47 around 0.02 to 0.03 US$/kWh. Energy use is around 60 kWh/m2/year. Do Not Cite or Quote 36 of 47 Chapter 4 SRREN_Draft1_Ch04_Version03 22-Dec-09 598 x 109 J/yr [TSU: GJ] x109 J [TSU: GJ] x 1012 J/year [TSU: TJ]PDF Image | Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy
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