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Table 3. Summary of Regional Geothermal Use in 2005 Table 2. Total Geothermal Use in 2005 Region Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Electric Power %MWe %GWh/yr .5 .9 .9 7.0 7.2 .8 2. 2. 5.0 .9 Direct-Use %MWt %GWh/yr 0.7 . 2. 6.7 20.9 29. .6 9.0 .5 .8 Figure 6b. Examples of hydraulic fracturing. (Tenzer, 2001) UTILIZATION IN 2005 Based on 68 country update papers submitted to the World Geothermal Congress 2005 (WGC 2005) held in Turkey, the following figures on worldwide geothermal electric and di- rect-use capacity, are reported. A total of 72 countries have reported some utilization from WGC 2000 and WGC 2005, either electric, direct-use or both (Lund and Freeston, 2001; Lund, et al., 2005a; Bertani, 2005) (Table 2). ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION Geothermal power is generated by using steam or a sec- ondary hydrocarbon vapor to turn a turbine-generator set to produce electrons. A vapor dominated (dry steam) resource (see Fig. 1 and 7) can be used directly, whereas a hot water resource (see Fig. 2 and 8) needs to be flashed by reducing the pressure to produce steam. In the case of low tempera- ture resource, generally below 150 ̊C, the use of a secondary low boiling point fluid (hydrocarbon) is required to generate the vapor, in a binary or organic Rankine cycle plant (see Fig. 9). Usually a wet or dry cooling tower is used to con- dense the vapor after it leaves the turbine to maximize the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing vapor and thus increase the efficiency of the operation. The world- wide installed capacity has the following distribution: 29% dry steam, 37% single flash, 25% double flash, 8% binary/ combined cycle/hybrid, and 1% backpressure (Bertani, 2005) (Figures 8 & 9 courtesy EGI). Electric power has been produced from geothermal energy in 27 countries; however, Greece, Taiwan and Argentina have shut down their plants, due to environmental and eco- nomic reasons. Since 2000, the installed capacity in the world has increased almost 1,000 MWe. Since 2000, addi- tional plants have been installed in Costa Rica, France on Guadeloupe in the Caribbean, Iceland, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, and the Phillipines. In 2004, Germany installed a 210-kWe binary plant at Neustadt Glewe and a 6-MWe plant has been installed on Papua New Guinea to generate elec- tricity for a remote mine. Russia has completed a new 50- Figure 7. Steam plant using a vapor or dry steam dominated geothermal resource. Use Electric Power Direct Use Countries Reporting 56,786 0.7 2 75,9 0. 72 Installed Power MW 8,9 28,268 Annual Energy Use Capacity GWh/yr Factor The figures for electric power capacity (MWe) appear to be fairly accurate; however, several of the country’s annual generation values (GWh) had to be estimated which amounted to only 0.5% of the total. The direct-use figures are less reliable and probably are understated by as much as 20%. The author is also aware of at least five countries, which utilize geothermal energy for direct-heat applications, but did not submit reports to WGC 2005. The details of the present installed electric power capacity and generation, and direct-use of geothermal energy can be found in Bertani (2005), and Lund, et al., 2005a. These data are summarized in Table 3. A review of the above data shows that in electric power generation each major continent has approximately the same percentage share of the installed capacity and energy produced with North America and Asia having over 80% of the total. Whereas, with the direct-use figures, the percentages drop significantly from installed capacity to energy use for the Americas (32.3 to 16.7%) due to the high percentage of geothermal heat pumps with a low capacity factor for these units in the United States. On the other hand, the percentages increased for the remainder of the world due to a lesser reliance on geothermal heat pumps, and the greater number of operating hours per year for these units. GHC BULLETIN, JUNE 2007PDF Image | CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL
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