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Figure 12. Examples of common geothermal heat pump installations. have been updated for this paper based on data for WGC 2005 (Lund, et al., 2005a). One of the significant changes for WGC2005 was the increase in the number of countries reporting use. Fourteen countries were added to the list in the current report as compared to 2000. In addition, the author is aware of four countries (Malaysia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zambia) that have geothermal direct-uses, but did not provide a report for WGC2005. Thus, there are at least 76 countries with some form of direct utilization of geothermal energy. Table 6 lists the top direct-use countries. full-load heating operating hours per year varies from 1,200 in the U.S., to over 6,000 in Sweden and Finland, with a worldwide average of 2,200 full-load hours/year. A summary of direct-use installed capacity and annual energy use are as follows: geothermal heat pumps 56.5% and 33.2%; bathing/swimming/spas 17.7% and 28.8%, space heating (including district heating) 14.9% and 20.2%; greenhouse heating 4.8% and 7.5%; aquaculture 2.2% and 4.2%; industrial 1.8% and 4.2%; agricultural drying 0.6% and 0.8%, cooling and snow melting 1.2% and 0.7%; and others 0.3% and 0.4%. District heating is approximately 80% of the space heating use. In terms of the contribution of geothermal direct-use to the national energy budget, two countries stand out: Iceland and Turkey. In Iceland, it provides 89% of the country’s space heating needs, which is important since heating is required almost all year and saves about 100 million US$ in imported oil. Turkey has increased their installed capacity over the past five years from 820 MWt to 1,495 MWt, most for district heating systems. A summary of some of the significant geothermal direct-use contributions to various countries is shown in Table 7. Table 7. National Geothermal Direct-Use Contributions Turkey space heating has increased 50% in the past 5 years, supplying 65,000 equivalent residences and 30% of the country will be heated with geothermal by 2010 Table 6. Top Direct-Use Countries Country GWh/yr MWt China 12,605 3,687 Sweden 12,000 4,200 Iceland Tunisia provides 89% of country’s space heating needs; greenhouse heating has increased from 10 ha to 100 ha over the past 10 years Japan over 2,000 hot spring resorts (onsens), over 5,000 public bath houses, and over 15,000 hotels, visited by 14.5 million guests per year, use natural hot springs Switzerland has installed 30,000 geothermal heat pumps = one/two km2, and 1,000 boreholes are drilled annually. Drain water from tunnels are used to heat nearby villages and they have also developed several geothermal projects to melt snow and ice on roads United States has installed 700,000 geothermal heat pump units, mainly in the midwestern and eastern states, with a 15% annual growth. Installation of these units is around 50,000 to 60,000 per year USA Turkey Iceland Japan Hungary Italy New Zealand 8,678 7,817 6,900 1,495 6,806 1,844 2,862 822 2,206 694 2,098 607 1,969 308 Main Applications bathing GHP GHP district heating district heating bathing (onsens) spas/greenhouses spas/space heating industrial uses Another significant change from 2000 is the large increase in geothermal (ground-source) heat pump installations. They increased by 198% (24% annual growth) in capacity and 272% (30% annual growth) in energy produced over the five-year period to the year 2005. By 2005, they were the largest portion of the installed capacity (56.5%) and 33.2% of the annual energy use. The actual number of installed units is around 1,700,000 in 33 countries, mostly in the United States and Europe; however, the data are incomplete. The equivalent number of 12-kWt units installed (the average size) is approximately 1,500,000. The equivalent number of GHC BULLETIN, JUNE 2007 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Geothermal resources are considered renewable and “green” (Rybach, 2007); however, there are several environ- mental impacts that must be considered during utilization that are usually mitigated. These are emission of harmful gases, noise pollution, water use and quality, land use, and impact on natural phenomena, wildlife and vegetation (Kagel, et al., 2005). 7PDF Image | CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL
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