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Gasification‐Based Biomass Systems: converts biomass materials into carbon and hydrogen‐rich fuel gases or liquids. These gases or liquids are better able to be utilized and can often gain in efficiency and environmental performance compared to direct combustion of the biomass (NREL, 2009) This process is more extensive and expensive, but creates a fuel that is both more efficient, compact and easily transported. The fuel can be used for boiler systems, engines or turbines (NREL, 2009). Biomass Fuel Source: Forest‐Product Industry Residue www.fs.fed.us Wood gasification system Include any and all by‐products from the harvesting and production of timber products. One of the concerns of forest managers both public and private, is restoring, maintaining, and enhancing the health and resilience of forest ecosystems (USDA, 2008). The plant life that is removed, known as biomass, includes large quantities of small‐diameter and low‐quality wood that currently has little or no commercial value (USDA, 2008). This could include the waste left in the forest or the chips and sawdust from the milling process. Biomass is a fuel that is rarely consistent and its characteristics change with many variables within the plant which can affect efficiency, pollution, and energy output. These fuel sources include: Clean Chips: these included bark‐free wood usually containing less than 0.05% ash content. This fuel is appropriate for large buildings or campuses (NREL, 2008). Whole‐Tree Chips: small branches and limbs that are not reduced to sizes comparable with standard chips. These wood chips should be screened because it can clog up equipment sometimes due to their irregular shapes and sizes. Cordwood: firewood sized or slightly larger. This fuel source can usually be acquired for free due to the fact it is harvested from a local forest management project. Cordwood is usually used in homes or small outdoor wood burner stoves, such as a GARN stove (NREL, 2008). Hog Fuel: a mixture of wood and bark usually produced by a wood hog grinder, where it gets its name from. Has a high potential ash content of 3‐4% due to the high moisture content and other impurities (NREL, 2008). Industrial Mill Waste/Residue: material left over during the milling process of lumber or furniture making. It can be a potential disposal problem, but also can be a significant energy source for direct fire systems. The two main types of residue include: (NREL, 2008) Primary –green mill residue containing > 20% moisture Secondary – dry mill residue containing < 20% moisture Wood Pellets: are known as “densified biomass” taking out most of the water and air. These pellets have twice the energy at a third of the mass of typical cordwood. This allows for more cost effective handling and transportation. Pellets can cost twice as much as woodchips with the same amount of energy. Pellets are created for maximizing efficiency and clean combustion (NREL, 2008).PDF Image | COMPREHENSIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY FEASIBILITY STUDY Sitka
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