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Beyond the heat exchanger, parabolic trough plants are just conventional steam plants. Therefore, parabolic trough plants can use thermal storage or hybridization with fossil fuel to generate electricity when the sun does not shine. Parabolic Trough Reference System The 2006 technology baseline is a 100-MW trough plant with 6 hours of thermal storage: • The net solar-to-electric efficiency of the last SEGS plants, built in 1990, was about 11%. The 2006 reference plant built is projected to have a system efficiency of 11.9%. • The solar field cost and performance is based on the Solargenix DS-1 concentrator and Solel UVAC1 receiver. Both components have been field validated. • Thermal-storage cost and performance is based on an indirect, two-tank, molten-salt storage system. Molten- salt storage has been identified as the near-term storage solution for two 50-MW trough plants to be built in southern Spain. • LCOE ≈ $0.12/kWh, in solar resource regions of 7.65 kWh/m2-day. Although 150 MW of CSP capacity exist in regions with solar resources higher than 8.0 kWh/m2-day (i.e., Kramer Junction, CA), a more conservative solar resource is used for the reference system. Dish/Stirling System Description Dish/Stirling systems track the sun and focus solar energy into a cavity receiver; the receiver absorbs the energy and transfers it to a heat engine/generator that generates electrical power (represented pictorially in Fig. 3.2.5-3). Three dish/engine systems are under development today: one is a 25-kW unit (being developed by Stirling Energy Systems in the United States, see Fig. 3.2.5-4) and two are 10-kW units. One of the 10-kW units is also being developed by SES and the other one is being developed by Schlaich, Bergermann and Partner (SBP) in Germany. All these systems use kinematic Stirling engines, which are high-performance, externally heated engines based on the Stirling cycle; they use a mechanical connection to a generator to produce electricity. Stirling engines have been used for these systems because of their high efficiencies, high power density (i.e., power output per unit volume), tolerance of non-uniform flux distributions, and potential for long-term, low-maintenance operation. Fig. 3.2.5-3 Schematic diagram of a dish/Stirling system. Fig. 3.2.5-4 SES 25-kW dish/Stirling system. Stirling engines are also considered to be potentially low maintenance because, although similar to an automotive engine, they have far fewer parts and are cleaner because the heat source is external to the engine. A dish/Stirling 65PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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